Academia.eduAcademia.edu
Download Free PDF
Free PDF
paper cover icon
Download Free PDF
The Roman Army in the Notranjska Region / Rimska vojska na Notranjskem

39 Pages

The Roman Army in the Notranjska Region / Rimska vojska na Notranjskem

The Roman Army in the Notranjska Region / Rimska vojska na Notranjskem

The Roman Army in the Notranjska Region / Rimska vojska na Notranjskem

The Roman Army in the Notranjska Region / Rimska vojska na Notranjskem

The Roman Army in the Notranjska Region / Rimska vojska na Notranjskem

Profile image of BOŠTJAN LAHARNARBOŠTJAN LAHARNAR

Recent finds from Grad near Šmihel pod Nanosom, have shed a new light on an assemblage of Roman republican weapons excavated at this site as early as ca. 1890. In the Notranjska region, Roman weapons and parts of military equipment are known from several fortified settlements / hillforts. Nadleški hrib in the valley of Loška dolina harbours the remains of a Roman camp. This paper examines the materials from these sites and identifies Roman military presence through several periods, from 2nd century BC until the Late Roman period.

Related Papers

Catalogi et Monographiae

Evidence of the Roman army in Slovenia / Sledovi rimske vojske na Slovenskem

2015 •

Istenič Janka, BOŠTJAN LAHARNAR

View PDF

In: J. Istenič, B. Laharnar, J. Horvat (ds.). Evidence of the Roman army in Slovenia / Sledovi rimske vojske na Slovenskem, Katalogi in Monografije 41, 2015, 171-208.

Early Roman military finds from prehistoric settlements in the Gorenjska region = Zgodnjerimske vojaške najdbe s prazgodovinskih naselbin na Gorenjskem

2015 •

Jana Horvat

This contribution opens with an overview of sites in the area of Šmartno near Cerklje. The focus, however, is the prehistoric hilltop settlements on Straža above Šmartno and on Gobavica above Mengeš, which revealed parts of Early Roman military equipment. The material could be divided into two chronological groups. The early finds date from the mid-1st century BC to the Early Augustan period, while the late finds date from the Middle Augustan to the Late Augustan / Early Tiberian periods. They indicate an occasional presence of the Roman army or the existence of small military posts on locations previously settled by the indigenous population. The two sites were no longer permanently settled at least from the Middle Augustan period onwards, and the centre of habitation had been transferred to the plain.

View PDF

Katalogi in monografije

Mali Njivč above Novaki

2015 •

Istenič Janka

The coins and other archaeological finds, acquired by amateur treasure hunters using metal detectors, suggest that the mountain ridge of Mali Njivč above Novaki in the Cerkljansko region is an important late Roman1 site. The location of the site on the naturally excellently protected ridge in a favourable strategic position, which offers an excellent view of its surroundings, and the small finds from the site lead us to the assumption that it was a late Roman military post, which protected the Cividale del Friuli/Forum Iulii–the Bača Valley–the Ljubljana Basin road.

View PDF
Small finds from the Roman fort at Nadleški hrib, The Notranjska region (SW Slovenia), The Roman Army between the Alps and the Adriatic, Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 31 / Studia Alpium et Adriae I, 2016, 85-97

BOŠTJAN LAHARNAR, Alenka Miškec

The contribution presents the small archaeological finds from the Roman fort at Nadleški hrib in the valley of Loška dolina (the Notranjska region, SW Slovenia). The finds were unearthed by a collector of antiquities who used a metal detector to examine part of the site following the 2014 sleet storm that left behind numerous uprooted trees. The majority of the finds can be associated with the Roman army and dated from the mid-1st century BC to and including the Augustan period. Particularly noteworthy are the earliest military finds, which suggest that the fort was first set up in the pre-Augustan period, probably in the time of Octavian’s Illyrian wars (35–33 BC).

View PDF
Gradič above Kobarid – a Late Republican fortified emporium?

BOŠTJAN LAHARNAR, Benjamin Štular

In recent decades, the site of Gradič above Kobarid has been known mostly for the finds from a sanctuary or cult place and for a coin hoard from the second half of the 2nd century BC. In 2010, we generated a site plan by analysing lidar data. The analysis of the links between the location of the coin hoard and the settlement has enabled a more definite interpretation of the circumstances of its burial. The interpretation of the finds (together with sporadic finds associated with the Roman army between Kobarid and Most na Soči) has shed significant new light on the role of Gradič in the Late Republican period. Keywords: archaeology, lidar data, Posočje, Gradič above Kobarid, coin hoard, Roman army, second half of the 2nd century and 1st century BC

View PDF
Roman military equipment from the town centre of Poetovio

Maja Janežič

View PDF

Arheološki vestnik 53, 2002, 117-192

The Hoard of Roman Republican Weapons from Grad near Šmihel

2002 •

Jana Horvat

A hoard of Roman weapons was discovered around 1890 at the prehistoric settlement of Grad near Šmihel under Nanos Mt. The circumstances of the find, all of the material, and the typology of the weapons are presented in the article. Weapons for fighting at a distance predominated: heavy and light pila, incendiary pila, javelins, catapult bolts, and arrowheads. Many of them were deformed – evidently previously used in battle. Considering the pila with flat hafts, the hoard could be dated to the end of the 3 rd and the first half of the 2 nd cent. BC, while the historical circumstances would indicate a burial in the first half of the 2 nd cent. BC. The late La Tène and Roman chance finds from Grad are analyzed at the end, as is the question of the settlement in the La Tène and Roman periods

View PDF

Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae

Kovinske in steklene najdbe ter kamniti kalupi iz železnodobne naselbine na Mostu na Soči / Metal finds, glass finds and stone moulds from the Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči.pdf

2018 •

BOŠTJAN LAHARNAR

The contribution below discusses the metal and glass finds, as well as the stone moulds recovered from the Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči. The results of their typo-chronological analysis are presented in three sections. The first one examines the finds from the investigated houses, the second one those from the debris of the second phase of House 6 interpreted as a cult place and the third section the finds from the locations of dispersed habitation traces. Within each section, the finds are presented according to function: first pieces of jewellery, followed by weapons, tools and implements, and finally stone moulds. The aim of the analysis is to establish, inasmuch as possible, the function of the finds and the span of their use as a step towards a comprehensive chronological assessment of the settlement.

View PDF
Augustan military graves from the area of Kongresni trg in Ljubljana

Rene Masaryk, Iris Bekljanov Zidansek

View PDF
Early Roman military equipment from the fortified settlements in the Notranjska region (SW Slovenia)

BOŠTJAN LAHARNAR

View PDF
K ATA L O GI I N MONO GR A F I J E / C ATA L O GI E T MONO GR A PH I A E 4 1 EVIDENCE OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN SLOVENIA SLEDOVI RIMSKE VOJSKE NA SLOVENSKEM JANKA ISTENIČ, BOŠTJAN LAHARNAR, JANA HORVAT Uredniki / Editors 2015 EVIDENCE OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN SLOVENIA • SLEDOVI RIMSKE VOJSKE NA SLOVENSKEM KATALOGI IN MONOGRAFIJE 41 2015 K ATA L O GI I N MONO GR A F I J E / C ATA L O GI E T MONO GR A PH I A E 4 1 EVIDENCE OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN SLOVENIA • SLEDOVI RIMSKE VOJSKE NA SLOVENSKEM Uredniki / Editors JANKA ISTENIČ, BOŠTJAN LAHARNAR, JANA HORVAT Ljubljana 2015 Katalogi in monograije / Catalogi et monographiae 41 EVIDENCE OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN SLOVENIA SLEDOVI RIMSKE VOJSKE NA SLOVENSKEM Janka Istenič, Boštjan Laharnar, Jana Horvat (uredniki / editors) Jezikovni pregled slovenskih besedil / Slovenian language editing Glavni in odgovorni urednik serije / Editor-in-chief of the series Alenka Božič in Marjeta Humar Peter Turk Recenzenti / Reviewed by Technical editor / Tehnična urednica Jana Horvat, Janka Istenič, Peter Kos, Boštjan Laharnar Barbara Jerin Oblikovanje / Design Urejanje slikovnega gradiva / Figures editing Barbara Predan Ida Murgelj Založnik / Publisher Uredniški odbor / Editorial board Narodni muzej Slovenije Dragan Božič, Janez Dular, Janka Istenič, Timotej Kniic, Biba Teržan Zanj / Publishing executive Barbara Ravnik, direktorica Narodnega muzeja Slovenije Tisk / Print Present d. o. o. Naklada / Print run 400 Cena / Price 56 € © 2015 Narodni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana Tiskano s inančno pomočjo Ministrstva za kulturo Republike Slovenije in Javne agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije. he publication was made possible with funding from the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovenian Research Agency. CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 355(497.4)"652"(082) 94(37) EVIDENCE of the Roman army in Slovenia = Sledovi rimske vojske na Slovenskem / uredniki, editors Janka Istenič, Boštjan Laharnar, Jana Horvat. - Ljubljana : Narodni muzej Slovenije, 2015. - (Katalogi in monograije = Catalogi et monographiae / Narodni muzej Slovenije ; 41) ISBN 978-961-6169-97-4 1. Vzp. stv. nasl. 2. Istenič, Janka 280118528 Vse pravice pridržane. Noben del te izdaje ne sme biti reproduciran, shranjen ali prepisan v kateri koli obliki oz. na kateri koli način, bodisi elektronsko, mehansko, s fotokopiranjem, snemanjem ali kako drugače, brez predhodnega pisnega dovoljenja izdajatelja (copyright). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. CONTENTS KAZALO Preface 7 Predgovor Boštjan Laharnar he Roman army in the Notranjska region 9 Boštjan Laharnar Rimska vojska na Notranjskem Janka Istenič with a contribution by Alenka Miškec (the coin catalogue) Traces of Octavian's military activities at Gradišče in Cerkno and Vrh gradu near Pečine Danilo Breščak Graves with weapons from Verdun near Stopiče 43 75 Janka Istenič s prispevkom Alenke Miškec (katalog novcev) Sledovi Oktavijanovega vojaškega delovanja na Gradišču v Cerknem in Vrh gradu pri Pečinah Danilo Breščak Grobovi z orožjem z Verduna pri Stopičah Andrej Gaspari, Iris Bekljanov Zidanšek, Andrej Gaspari, Iris Bekljanov Zidanšek, Rene Masaryk, Matjaž Novšak Rene Masaryk, Matjaž Novšak Augustan military graves from the area 125 Avgustejska vojaška grobova s Kongresnega trga of Kongresni trg in Ljubljana v Ljubljani Jana Horvat Jana Horvat Early Roman military inds from prehistoric 171 Zgodnjerimske vojaške najdbe s prazgodovinskih settlements in the Gorenjska region naselbin na Gorenjskem Milan Sagadin Milan Sagadin Evidence of the Roman army in Early Roman Kranj 209 Sledovi rimske vojske v zgodnjeantičnem Kranju Mitja Guštin Mitja Guštin Roman camps following the route to Segestica 221 Rimski vojaški tabori v smeri proti Segestiki and the western Balkans in zahodnemu delu Balkanskega polotoka Alenka Miškec Alenka Miškec he role of Roman Republican denarii of Mark Antony 235 Vloga rimskih republikanskih denarijev Marka Antonija in the monetary circulation of the Late Republic v denarnem obtoku pozne republike Boštjan Laharnar, Benjamin Štular, Miha Mlinar Boštjan Laharnar, Benjamin Štular, Miha Mlinar Gradič above Kobarid – a Late Republican fortiied emporium? 243 Gradič nad Kobaridom, poznorepublikanski utrjeni emporij? Maja Janežič, Evgen Lazar Maja Janežič, Evgen Lazar Roman military equipment from the town centre of Poetovio 257 Rimska vojaška oprema iz središča Petovione Irena Lazar Irena Lazar Roman tile workshop at Vransko – archaeology, 269 Rimska opekarna na Vranskem – arheologija, ager of Celeia and Roman history celejski ager in rimska zgodovina Andrej Preložnik, Aleksandra Nestorović Andrej Preložnik, Aleksandra Nestorović Germanic spur from Ptuj 285 Germanska ostroga s Ptuja Veronika Plaum, Judita Lux Veronika Plaum, Judita Lux Hackamore and other parts of equine equipment 297 Hakamora in drugi deli konjske opreme from the Roman villa at Mošnje (Abstract) iz rimske vile pri Mošnjah Julijana Visočnik Julijana Visočnik Soldiers from Roman autonomous towns in Slovenia, 305 Vojaki iz rimskih avtonomnih mest na Slovenskem, active in other parts of the Roman Empire (Summary) ki so službovali drugod po imperiju Anja Ragolič Anja Ragolič Die Zeit des Kaisers Gallienus und 317 Galienovo obdobje in vloga vojske die Rolle des Heeres in Poetovio v Petovioni Drago Svoljšak Drago Svoljšak Roman fort at Hrušica: indings of investigations after 1979 341 Rimska utrdba na Hrušici, izsledki izkopavanj po letu 1979 Janka Istenič Janka Istenič with a contribution by Andrej Šemrov (the coin catalogue) s prispevkom Andreja Šemrova (katalog novcev) Mali Njivč above Novaki 365 Mali Njivč nad Novaki Slavko Ciglenečki Slavko Ciglenečki Late Roman army, Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 385 Poznorimska vojska, Claustra Alpium Iuliarum and the fortiications in the south-eastern Alps in utrjena krajina v jugovzhodnih Alpah Preface Predgovor he Roman army and the numerous inds and phenomena associated with it, is one of the central issues of Roman archaeology and history, as well as being a recurring research topic. Proučevanje najrazličnejših vidikov rimske vojske ter z njo povezanih pojavov je ena od osrednjih tem rimske arheologije in zgodovine. he last two decades of archaeological investigation in Slovenia, much of which was of a rescue nature, have revealed numerous traces of Roman military activities, ranging from forts to small fragments of military equipment. Concurrently with ield investigations, knowledge has also been gained from the study of previously recovered archaeological evidence, all of which sheds new light on events taking place on the territory of Slovenia at the end of prehistory and in the Roman period. As a result, we have a better understanding of the way that Roman conquest proceeded, we have gained additional knowledge of individual aspects of military defence and control in the Late Roman period, and more is known on the architecture and dating of individual forts and fortlets, on the provisioning of the army, on communication and transport lines, as well as on the Roman military equipment. In light of this, the National Museum of Slovenia and the Institute of Archaeology at the Scientiic Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts organised a scientiic gathering dedicated to new discoveries concerning Roman military activity on the territory of Slovenia. It took place on the 17 and 18 November 2011 in Ljubljana. his event led to the idea for a publication that would bring together the results of recent investigations into the subject. Subsequent years have been dedicated to gathering contributions, but also to peer reviewing and editing. he book presents a rich collection of contributions, although it lacks the results of several important rescue excavations, the desktop assessment of which is not yet at a stage that would enable conclusions to be drawn. We nevertheless hope that this represents a valuable addition to our knowledge of the Roman period in Slovenia and will prompt further research. Janka Istenič, Jana Horvat and Boštjan Laharnar Arheološke raziskave, med katerimi je bilo največ zaščitnih, so v zadnjih dveh desetletjih razkrile številne nove sledi delovanja rimske vojske na območju sedanje Slovenije, od utrdb do drobnih odlomkov vojaške opreme. Hkrati je bilo znova proučeno že prej znano arheološko gradivo. Te raziskave so na novo osvetlile dogajanje na ozemlju sedanje Slovenije ob koncu prazgodovine in v rimski dobi. Napredovali smo v razumevanju poteka rimskega osvajanja ozemlja Slovenije v zgodnjerimski dobi ter poglobili poznavanje posameznih vidikov vojaške obrambe in nadzora v poznorimski dobi, več vemo o arhitekturi in datiranju vojaških utrdb, o oskrbi vojske, o poteku prometnih in oskrbovalnih poti ter o rimski vojaški opremi. Narodni muzej Slovenije in Inštitut za arheologijo Znanstvenoraziskovalnega centra Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti sta 17. in 18. novembra 2011 v Ljubljani organizirala znanstveno srečanje, posvečeno novim odkritjem v zvezi z delovanjem rimske vojske na ozemlju Slovenije. Iz srečanja je zrasla zamisel o knjigi, v kateri bi bili na enem mestu predstavljeni najnovejši raziskovalni rezultati. V naslednjih letih smo se posvetili zbiranju prispevkov o izbranih temah, njihovemu recenziranju in urejanju. V knjigi žal manjka obravnava nekaterih pomembnih zaščitnih izkopavanj, pri katerih stopnja obravnave gradiva še ne omogoča objave izsledkov. Kljub vsemu upamo, da bo knjiga dragocen prispevek k razumevanju rimske dobe na Slovenskem in spodbuda za nadaljnje raziskovalno delo. Janka Istenič, Jana Horvat in Boštjan Laharnar 7 THE ROMAN ARMY IN THE NOTRANJSKA REGION RIMSKA VOJSKA NA NOTRANJSKEM Boštjan Laharnar Boštjan Laharnar Abstract Izvleček Recent inds from Grad near Šmihel pod Nanosom, have shed a new light on an assemblage of Roman republican weapons excavated at this site as early as ca. 1890. In the Notranjska region, Roman weapons and parts of military equipment are known from Baba and Ambroževo gradišče near Slavina, Kerin above Pivka, Primož above Raduhova vas, Gradišče at Čepna, Gradišče above Knežak, Stari grad above Unec, Žerovnišček near Bločice, Ulaka above Stari trg pri Ložu, and perhaps Gradišče above Gornja Košana and Ahac. Nadleški hrib in the valley of Loška dolina harbours the remains of a Roman stronghold. his paper examines the materials from these sites and identiies Roman military presence through several periods, from 2nd century BC until the Late Roman period. Nedavno odkrite najdbe z Gradu pri Šmihelu pod Nanosom na novo osvetljujejo sklop rimskega republikanskega orožja, ki so ga na tem najdišču izkopali okrog leta 1890. Na Notranjskem sicer poznamo rimsko orožje in dele vojaške oprave z Babe in Ambroževega gradišča pri Slavini, Kerina nad Pivko, Primoža nad Raduhovo vasjo, Gradišča na Čepni, Gradišča nad Knežakom, Starega gradu nad Uncem, Žerovniščka pri Bločicah, Ulake nad Starim trgom pri Ložu in morda z Gradišča nad Gornjo Košano in Ahaca. Na Nadleškem hribu v Loški dolini ležijo ostanki rimske utrdbe. V prispevku obravnavamo gradivo z naštetih najdišč in ugotavljamo rimsko vojaško navzočnost v več obdobjih, od 2. st. pr. n. št. do pozne rimske dobe. Keywords: Slovenia, Notranjska region, fortiied hilltop settlements, the Roman army, Roman military equipment, 2nd–1st century BC, 1st–3rd century, Late Roman period Ključne besede: Slovenija, Notranjska, utrjene višinske naselbine, rimska vojska, rimske vojaške najdbe, 2.–1. st. pr. n. št., 1.–3. st., pozna rimska doba 1 Uvod 1 Introduction he majority of items associated with the Roman army in the topographic region of Postojna1 come from fortiied hilltop settlements (hillforts) or their surroundings. Most inds were discovered during pre-WW2 excavations with scant information about the circumstances of these discoveries, or by treasure hunters using metal detectors. In the previous two decades, the latter inds have been, at least in part, acquired by the National Museum of Slovenia, the Notranjska Museum in Postojna and the Park of Military History in Pivka, and are studied or taken into account in this paper. he inds presented are also part of a study of prehistoric and Roman metal detector small inds from the Notranjska region, which are studied in full elsewhere.2 Some acquired metal detector inds (including Roman military equipment) from the Notranjska region are also kept by the War Museum in Logatec. 1 2 ANSl 1975, 148–161. Laharnar 2012. Na območju postojnske topografske regije1 predmeti, ki jih povezujemo z rimsko vojsko, večinoma izvirajo z utrjenih višinskih naselbin (gradišč) ali njihove okolice. Glavnina najdb izvira z izkopavanj pred 2. sv. vojno, z nezadostnimi podatki o okoliščinah odkritij in iz nestrokovnih kopanj iskalcev z detektorji kovin. Vsaj del slednjih so v zadnjih dveh desetletjih pridobili Narodni muzej Slovenije, Notranjski muzej v Postojni in Park vojaške zgodovine v Pivki ter jih obravnavamo ali upoštevamo v tem članku. Predstavljene najdbe so bile vključene v študij sklopov prazgodovinskih in antičnih detektorskih najdb z Notranjskega, ki so v celoti predstavljene na drugem mestu.2 Nestrokovno pridobljene detektorske najdbe (med njimi rimske vojaške najdbe) z Notranjskega hrani tudi Vojni muzej v Logatcu. 1 2 ANSl 1975, 148–161. Laharnar 2012. 9 Figure 1. Grad near Šmihel pod Nanosom. A hoard of Roman weapons (ater Istenič 2006, 43, ig. 35; photo T. Lauko). Slika 1. Grad pri Šmihelu pod Nanosom. Zaklad rimskega orožja (po Istenič 2006, 43, sl. 35; foto T. Lauko). Due to a lack of proper documentation and stratigraphic data, the interpretation of detector inds proves challenging. Finders were interviewed to obtain as much as possible of the data regarding the circumstances of the discoveries, and the inds were then typologically and chronologically categorised. he Roman military inds were placed into a wider historical and geopolitical context. By analysing the data, we have attempted to establish whether the military inds at individual sites point to a battle, indicate a military outpost, or can be explained in some other way. 10 Interpretacija detektorskih najdb je zaradi pomanjkanja ustreznih postopkov dokumentiranja in stratigrafskih podatkov zelo otežena. S poizvedovanjem pri najditeljih smo pridobili čim natančnejše podatke o okoliščinah izkopa predmetov, ki smo jih tipološko in kronološko opredelili. Rimske vojaške najdbe smo skušali umestiti v širši zgodovinski in geopolitični okvir. Na podlagi zbranih podatkov smo želeli ugotoviti, ali vojaške najdbe na posameznih najdiščih predstavljajo sled spopada, nakazujejo obstoj vojaške postojanke, ali pa jih lahko razložimo kako drugače. 2 The Roman army in in the Notranjska region: 2nd century BC 2 Rimska vojska na Notranjskem: 2. stoletje pr. n. št. 2.1 Grad near Šmihel pod Nanosom 2.1 Grad pri Šmihelu pod Nanosom 2.1.1 An assemblage (hoard) of Roman republican weapons 2.1.1 Sklop (zaklad) rimskega republikanskega orožja Grad near Šmihel pod Nanosom is a fortiied settlement, which was inhabited from at least the Early Iron Age until the Late La Tène.3 Around 1890, an assemblage (hoard) of at least 473 iron objects was excavated in the NW part of the rampart (ig. 1). hey were predominantly Roman assault weapons: pila, javelins, catapult-bolts, arrowheads and plain rods with asymmetrical tips.4 By drawing parallels with rare examples of pila with lat hafts with inverted edges and triangular tips with two barbs, Jana Horvat dated the Šmihel hoard to the late 3rd century and irst half of the 2nd century BC.5 Taking into account the historical circumstances, the most probable date would seem to be sometime after the founding of Aquileia (181 BC) and before the existence of the Roman merchant post on Mandrga near Razdrto from the turn of the 1st century BC.6 By taking Grad, a strategically important central settlement of this region, the Romans took control over the segment of the Amber Road corridor around Ocra and the Postojna Gate. he Roman conquest probably spelled the decline for the Grad settlement, judging by sporadic inds from 2nd–1st century BC, which are far scarcer than at other fortiied settlements in the region, and by the lack of Late La Tène and Roman graves at the relevant cemeteries.7 Grad pri Šmihelu pod Nanosom je utrjena naselbina, ki je živela najpozneje od starejše železne do pozne latenske dobe.3 Na območju severozahodnega dela okopa so okrog leta 1890 izkopali zaključen sklop (zaklad) vsaj 473 železnih predmetov (sl. 1). Med njimi prevladuje rimsko napadalno orožje: pilumi, kopja, osti katapultnih izstrelkov, osti puščic in preproste konice z nesimetrično konico.4 Glede na primerjave redkih oblik pilumov s ploščatim nasadiščem z zavihanimi robovi in trikotno konico z zalustmi je Jana Horvat šmihelski zaklad orožja datirala v konec 3. in prvo polovico 2. st. pr. n. št.5 Z upoštevanjem zgodovinskih okoliščin se nam zdi najverjetnejša datacija v obdobje po ustanovitvi Akvileje (181 pr. n. št.) in pred obstojem rimske trgovske postojanke na Mandrgi pri Razdrtem, datirane v konec 2. in začetek 1. st. pr. n. št.6 Z osvojitvijo Gradu, strateško pomembne središčne naselbine na tem območju, so Rimljani vzpostavili nadzor nad odsekom koridorja jantarske poti na območju Okre in Postojnskih vrat. Po rimski osvojitvi je najverjetneje sledil zaton naselbine na Gradu. To nakazujejo posamične najdbe 2. do 1. st pr. n. št., ki jih je precej manj kot na drugih utrjenih naselbinah na Notranjskem, ter dejstvo, da na pripadajočih grobiščih ni poznolatenskih in rimskih grobov.7 2.1.2 New inds of Roman weaponry 2.1.2 Nove najdbe rimskega orožja In 2007 or 2008, a treasure hunter using a metal detector discovered catapult-bolts and arrowheads (pl. 1: 1, 3–13) on the slope of the NW part of the rampart (ig. 2: A). Typologically, they correspond to the examples from the hoard of Roman republican weapons.8 A number of amateurs combed the northern half of the settlement with metal detectors, while the southern half was avoided because of the nearby village. hey found a catapult-bolt (pl. 1: 2), lead slingshot (pl. 1: 14–28; ig. 12) of various shapes and weights, which is representative of Roman lead slingshot predating Caesar’s Gallic War.9 Among them, examples of a rare double-pyramid shaped Völling Type III (pl. 1: 15; ig. 12: 1–2, 5–6, 9–12, 17–18, 31–32), typical of the irst third of the 1st Leta 2007 ali 2008 je iskalec z detektorjem kovin na pobočju severozahodnega dela okopa naselbine (sl. 2: A) našel osti katapultnih izstrelkov in puščic (t. 1: 1, 3–13), ki so enakih oblik kot primerki iz zaklada rimskega republikanskega orožja.8 Razni iskalci so z detektorji prečesavali severno polovico naselbine, njeni južni polovici pa so se zaradi bližine vasi izogibali. Našli so katapultni izstrelek (t. 1: 2), svinčene izstrelke (želode) za pračo (t. 1: 14–28; sl. 12) različnih oblik in širokih razponov tež, kar je značilnost rimskih svinčenih izstrelkov za pračo, ki so starejši od obdobja Cezarjeve galske vojne.9 Pojavlja se tudi sicer redka dvojnopiramidasta oblika III po Völlingu (t. 1: 15; sl. 12: 1–2, 5–6, 9–12, 17–18, 31–23), značilna za prvo tretjino 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gabrovec 1975; Horvat 2002, 150, 160–162: with the suggestion that the settlement was abandoned in Middle La Tène. Horvat 1997; Horvat 2002. Horvat 2002, 154-155. Horvat, Bavdek 2009; Laharnar 2011, 369, 372. Horvat 2002, 160–161. Hrovat 2002, pl. 14. 15: 1–21. Laharnar 2011, 369, 372. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gabrovec 1975; Horvat 2002, 150, 160–162: z domnevo o koncu naselbine v srednjem latenu. Horvat 1997; Horvat 2002. Horvat 2002, 154–155. Horvat, Bavdek 2009; Laharnar 2011, 369, 372. Horvat 2002, 160–161. Horvat 2002, t. 14, 15: 1–21. Laharnar 2011, 369, 372. 11 Figure 2. A plan of the settlement Grad near Šmihel pod Nanosom. Scale ca. 1 : 6000 (Modiied from Horvat 2002, 121, ig. 5, where is scaled down from Deschmann, Hochstetter 1879, 6–7, pl. 3, with the added location of the hoard (rhomb) from Müllner 1892, pl. 4: 1a and the toponyms of Za Polšno and Pod Kaculjem). Also added are the approximately marked ind-spots of the catapultbolts, arrowheads and lead slingshot from 2007/2008 (A); the indspots of (more than 10) lead slingshot (B, C, D) and the ind-spots, where individual lead slingshot were dug up (dots). Slika 2. Načrt naselbine Grad pri Šmihelu pod Nanosom. M. približno 1 : 6000 (Prirejeno po Horvat 2002, 121, sl. 5, tam: pomanjšano po Deschmann, Hochstetter 1879, 6–7, t. 3 z dodano lego zaklada (romb) po Müllner 1892, t. 4: 1a ter ledinskima imenoma Za Polšno in Pod Kaculjem). Dodana so približno označena območja odkritja katapultnih izstrelkov, puščic in svinčenih želodov za pračo leta 2007/2008 (A); območja (več kot deset primerkov) najdenih svinčenih želodov za pračo (B, C, D) in lokacije izkopa posameznih svinčenih želodov za pračo (pike). century BC or even earlier.10 he best and geographically closest parallels to the slingshot from Šmihel are the examples from the Barda-Roba site in Friuli,11 associated with the skirmishes from the end of the 2nd century and beginning of the 1st century BC.12 1. st. pr. n. št. ali za še starejši čas.10 Najboljše in geografsko najbližje primerjave šmihelskim izstrelkom najdemo v primerkih z najdišča Barda-Roba v Furlaniji,11 kjer jih povezujejo z vojaškimi spopadi ob koncu 2. in v začetku 1. st. pr. n. št.12 2.1.3 The interpretation of the Roman weapons 2.1.3 Interpretacija rimskega orožja Jana Horvat suggested three possible explanations for the deposition of the hoard of Roman weapons from Šmihel: the weapons were remnants from battle (a siege and an attack on the settlement), a votive hoard, or scrap iron for Jana Horvat je postavila tri možne razlage zakopa šmihelskega zaklada rimskega orožja: orožje predstavlja neposredne ostanke bojev (obleganje in napad na naselbino), votivni zaklad ali pa zbirko železja za popravilo in predela- 10 11 12 12 Völling 1990, 34–35; Horvat, Bavdek 2009, 138; Laharnar 2009, 369. Tagliaferri 1986, 125, 132, pl. 27. Chiabà 2007, 54. 10 11 12 Völling 1990, 34–35; Horvat, Bavdek 2009, 138; Laharnar 2009, 369. Tagliaferri 1986, 125, 132, t. 27. Chiabà 2007, 54. repair and reworking.13 Horvat mainly considered the latter two options, while questioning the hypothesis of the weapons being actual remnants from battle.14 However, recent metal detector inds and the analysis of the lead slingshot, which are very likely contemporary to the weapons from the hoard,15 seem to support the irst explanation. he extensive damage on pila, incendiary pila, javelins, catapult-bolts and arrows from the hoard, as well as the damage on the lead slingshot, would suggest that the weapons were used in battle.16 he singed stones from the rampart, where the majority of the hoard was found, together with examples of weapons fused with calciied stones,17 may not suggest metal processing,18 but rather a tumbling of a burning wall, which then buried the weapons, either ired or discarded by the attackers. he exact circumstances of how the weapons from the hoard were found are vague, but judging by the archive sources they were found at the NW corner of the settlement’s rampart (igs. 2 and 3: rhomb). According to the references by Alfons Müllner and Prince Windischgrätz, the weapons were partly lying atop the earthwork, while several hundred pieces of weapons were lying together in a deep pit, and the inder dug several times 3–5 m deep into the rampart to collect the inds.19 Unlike the weapons found clustered (the hoard) inside and on top of the rampart (ruins of the fortiication wall?), the metal detector inds were scattered. he catapult-bolts and arrowheads lay around the slope of the NW part of the settlement’s rampart (ig. 2: A), and individual lead slingshot were found around the northern half of the settlement (ig. 2: B, C, D and dots; ig. 3: C, D and dots). After the attack on Grad, the weapons seemed to have been partly collected (the hoard) and partly left scat- vo.13 Horvatova je pretehtala predvsem drugi dve možnosti, medtem ko je prvo, da gre za neposredne ostanke bojev, postavila pod vprašaj.14 Vendar zadnje detektorske najdbe in analiza svinčenih izstrelkov za pračo, ki so zelo verjetno sočasni z orožjem iz zaklada,15 govorijo v prid prvi razlagi. Številne poškodbe na pilumih, zažigalnih pilumih, kopjih, katapultnih izstrelkih in puščicah iz zaklada ter svinčenih izstrelkih nakazujejo, da je bilo orožje uporabljeno v boju.16 Prežgano kamenje iz nasipa, v katerem je bil najden večji del zaklada ter primerki orožja, sprijeti z zažlindranim kamenjem,17 morda prej kot na metalurško dejavnost,18 kažejo na zrušitev gorečega obzidja, ki je zasulo izstreljeno in odvrženo orožje napadalcev. Natančne okoliščine odkritja orožja iz zaklada so nejasne, kljub temu pa je iz arhivskih virov mogoče razbrati, da so ga našli na severozahodnem vogalu okopa naselbine (sl. 2 in 3: romb). Glede na navedbe Alfonsa Müllnerja in kneza Windischgrätza je del orožja ležal na vrhu nasipa, več sto kosov orožja pa je ležalo skupaj v globoki luknji in iskalec je večkrat kopal 3–5 m globoko v nasip, da bi zbral najdbe.19 V nasprotju s koncentracijami (zaklad) najdb orožja na in v nasipu (ruševini obzidja ?) pa so bile najdbe, ki so jih odkrili z detektorjem kovin razpršene. Katapultni in puščični izstrelki so ležali po pobočju severozahodnega dela okopa naselbine (sl. 2: A), prav tako svinčeni izstrelki za pračo, ki so jih posamič našli po severni polovici naselbine (sl. 2: B, C, D in pike; sl. 3: C, D in pike). Kaže, da so orožje po napadu na Grad delno zbrali (zaklad), delno pa je obležalo raztreseno (detektorske najdbe). Mesto koncentracij najdb orožja in njihovo nepojavljanje na drugih delih naselbine nista naključna. Upoštevaje topograijo najdišča se zdi najprimernejše mesto za glavni napad na utrjeno naselbino ravno njen severozahodni vogal, kjer se ji okoliški višji svet z Žlovberskim vrhom in Mačkovcem najbolj približa (sl. 2–3), primerki svinčenih želodov z območja severnega dela vzhodnega roba (okopa ?) naselbine (sl. 2 in 3: D in pike) pa nakazujejo obstreljevanje pračarjev tudi z območja severovzhodnega vznožja naselbine. Menimo, da je bilo šmihelsko orožje uporabljeno pri rimskem napadu na Grad, po bitki pa so orožje večinoma zbrali. Zakaj je zbrano orožje ostalo na najdišču, ostaja nejasno. Poleg možnosti, da gre za pobiranje in zbiranje železja za predelavo in popravilo, tudi možnosti votivnega dejanja po bitki ne moremo povsem izključiti. Na primerjavo z najdiščem Döttenbichl na Bavarskem, ki naj bi predstavljalo kultno mesto domačinov, na katerem so darovali rimsko orožje,20 je opozorila že Horvatova.21 Obstoj 13 14 15 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Horvat 2002, 158–159. Horvat 2002, 158. Laharnar 2011, 369–372. Horvat 2002, 156; Lanarnar 2011, 369. Horvat 2002, igs. 7–8, 18–23, 25, pls. 7: 3, 8: 3, 9: 3, 7, 10: 12, 11: 7. Horvat 2002, 159. About the archive sources: Horvat 2002, 151-153. Figure 3. Grad near Šmihel pod Nanosom. Viewed from the east. Marked are the hills of Žlovberski vrh and Mačkovc, the Pod Kaculjem fallow and the approximate locations of the hoard (rhomb), the ind-spots of (more than 10) lead slingshot (C, D) and the ind-spots, where individual lead slingshot were dug up (dots) (photo J. Hanc). Slika 3. Grad pri Šmihelu pod Nanosom. Pogled z vzhoda. Označeni vzpetini Žlovberski vrh in Mačkovc, ledina Pod Kaculjem ter približne lege zaklada (romb), območje (več kot deset primerkov) najdenih svinčenih želodov za pračo (C, D) in lokacij izkopa posameznih svinčenih želodov za pračo (pike) (foto J. Hanc). 16 17 18 19 20 21 Horvat 2002, 158–159. Horvat 2002, 158. Laharnar 2011, 369–372. Horvat 2002, 156; Laharnar 2011, 369. Horvat 2002, sl. 7–8, 18–23, 25, t. 7: 3, 8: 3, 9: 3, 7, 10: 12, 11: 7. Horvat 2002, 159. O arhivskih virih: Horvat 2002, 151–153. O najdišču nazadnje: Zanier 2009, 91–93; Martin-Kilchler 2011, 51–52. Horvat 2002, 158, op. 152. 13 Figure 4. Baba near Slavina. Lead slingshot (photo T. Lauko). Slika 4. Baba pri Slavini. Svinčeni izstrelki za pračo (foto T. Lauko). tered (metal detector inds). he concentrations of weapons and their absence from other parts of the settlement are not coincidental. Considering the topography of the site, the NW corner, which is closest to the neighbouring high-grounds, i.e. Žlovberski vrh and Mačkovec (igs. 2–3), seemed the most suitable point to carry out the main attack on the fortiied settlement; and the individual lead slingshot from the northern part of the eastern edge (rampart?) of the settlement (igs. 2 and 3: D and dots) would suggest that the slingers were also targeting the settlement from its NE side. We believe that the Šmihel weapons were employed in the Roman attack on Grad and that most of them were gathered up after the battle. Why the assembled weapons were left on the site remains unclear. Alongside the possibility that they were intended as scrap iron for reworking and repairs, the idea of votive ofering after the battle cannot be completely ruled out. Horvat herself20 made the comparison to the site of Döttenbichl in Bavaria, believed to have been a cult place, where the locals had made oferings of Roman weapons.21 A local cult place also could have existed at Grad near Šmihel: individual inds of broken, singed brooches and other parts of attire and weaponry (their exact location within the sites of Šmihel is not known22) bear close resemblance to the artefacts from the nearby presumed Iron Age cult places.23 he assembled weapons (the hoard) could be a remnant of a trophy of victory; the Roman republican army was in the habit of ofering weapons and raising memorials with displayed weapons at the sites of decisive battles.24 3 The Roman Army in the Notranjska region: from second third of the 1st century BC to 1st century AD 3.1 Baba near Slavina he inds from the fortiied settlement at Baba suggest the site was inhabited from the Late Bronze Age to the Late Iron Age.25 Among the inds were an iron hobnail and lead slingshot (ig. 4). he iron hobnail was part of Roman military footwear (pl. 2: 1). Its head has a cruciform pattern of ribs and four protuberances on its underside, which probably made the nail more secure in the sole. Such hobnails were in use from Caesar’s Gallic War to the Early Augustan period. hey were replaced in the Middle Augustan period by nails with mostly smaller head diameters with no pattern or a diferent pattern on their underside.26 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 14 Horvat 2002, 158, n. 152 Most recent: Zanier 2009, 91–93; Martin-Kilchler 2011, 51–52. Guštin 1979, e.g. pls. 64, 68, 84. Cf. Božič 2011, 260–269. Fischer 2012, 207–211. Horvat 1995, 189–190, pl. 14: 8–26; Horvat 2005, 227. Istenič 2005a, 81; Poux 2008, 380, ig. 56; Laharnar 2009, 132–133; Martin-Kilcher 2011, 35. kultnega mesta domačinov je verjeten tudi na Gradu pri Šmihelu, saj posamezne najdbe odlomljenih, ožganih ibul in drugih delov noše ter orožja, katerih točno najdišče v okviru šmihelskih najdišč ni znano,22 zelo spominjajo na gradivo z domnevnih železnodobnih kultnih mest v soseščini.23 Zbrano orožje (zaklad) je morda ostanek označitve zmage. Rimska republikanska vojska je namreč poznala običaj darovanja orožja in postavljanja obeležij z izobešenim orožjem na prizoriščih odločilnih bitk.24 3 Rimska vojska na Notranjskem: od druge tretjine 1. stoletja pr. n. št. do 1. stoletja n. št. 3.1 Baba pri Slavini Najdbe z utrjene naselbine na Babi nakazujejo poselitev od pozne bronaste do mlajše železne dobe.25 Med najdenimi predmeti so železni okovni žebljiček in svinčeni izstrelki za pračo (sl. 4). Železni okovni žebljiček je pripadal rimskemu vojaškemu obuvalu (t. 2: 1). Na spodnji strani kapice ima značilen vzorec iz križnega rebra in štirih bunčic, ki je verjetno pripomogel k večji stabilnosti žebljička v podplatu. Take žebljičke so uporabljali od Cezarjevih galskih vojn do zgodnjeavgustejske dobe. V srednjeavgustejski dobi so jih nadomestili žebljički z večinoma manjšim premerom 22 23 24 25 Guštin 1979, npr. t. 64, 68, 84. Prim. Božič 2011, 260–269. Fischer 2012, 207–211. Horvat 1995, 189–190, t. 14: 8–26; Horvat 2005, 227. Figure 5. Baba near Slavina. A hoard of Roman and Celtic coins (ater Horvat 1999, 190; photo T. Lauko). Slika 5. Baba pri Slavini. Zaklad rimskih in keltskih novcev (po Horvat 1999, 190; foto T. Lauko). Figure 6. Stari grad above Unec. Lead slingshot (ater Laharnar 2011, 347, ig. 6; photo T. Lauko). Slika 6. Stari grad nad Uncem. Svinčeni izstrelki za pračo (po Laharnar 2011, 347, sl. 6; foto T. Lauko). he lead slingshot (ig. 4) were found mainly on the SE slope, inside and outside the settlement.27 Some have damage characteristic of used projectiles. We have interpreted a group of ten slingshot (very likely found in a heap) as a likely slinger’s set of projectiles of three calibres.28 We assume that the abandonment of the settlement at Baba was due to a Roman military attack between the time of Caesar’s administration of the Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum and the Early Augustan period at the latest. Beside the hobnail, the latest inds from the site are important indicators of the time-frame of the attack: a fragment of a conchoidal brooch pl. 2: 2 (LT D1b, 100–70/60 BC), a fragment of the Idrija type cup pl. 2: 3 (LT D1, 120/110– 70/60 BC) and a coin hoard (i.e. depot Baba 2) with the latest of the coins minted in 74 BC (ig. 5).29 3.2 Stari Grad above Unec he inds from the fortiied settlement of Stari grad above Unec come from the Bronze, Iron and Roman Ages. he central part of the hill harbours the ruins of a 12th century castle (abandoned in the 16th century)30 he inds include hobnails from Roman military footwear (pl. 2: 10–12)31 and a large number of lead slingshot (ig. 6).32 A bronze but27 28 29 30 31 32 Hrovat 1995, pl. 14: 11-22. Laharnar 2011, 364, 371, pl. 2: 4–13. Horvat 1999, 190–191; FMRSl IV, 126–127, no. 46/3. Gaspari 2009; Laharnar 2011, 365-366. Gaspari 2009, 323, ig. 7: 5–7. Laharnar 2011, 365–366, ig. 6, pl. 1: 1–2, 9, 12, 15–16, 19. kapic in brez vzorca ali z drugačnim vzorcem na njihovi spodnji strani.26 Svinčene izstrelke za pračo (sl. 4) so našli večinoma na jugovzhodnem pobočju znotraj in zunaj naselbine.27 Nekateri so imeli značilne poškodbe uporabljenih izstrelkov. Skupino desetih želodov (zelo verjetno skupna najdba) smo interpretirali kot verjetni pračarjev komplet izstrelkov s tremi kalibri.28 Domnevamo, da je konec poselitve na Babi povezan z rimskim vojaškim napadom v obdobju od Cezarjeve uprave Cisalpinske Galije in Ilirika do vključno zgodnjeavgustejske dobe. Za datacijo napada so poleg omenjenega žebljička pomembne najmlajše najdbe z najdišča: odlomek školjčne ibule t. 2: 2 (LT D1b, 100–70/60 pr. n. št.), odlomek čaše vrste Idrija t. 2: 3 (LT D1, 120/110–70/60 pr. n. št.) in novčni zaklad (t. i. depo Baba 2) z najmlajšim novcem, kovanim leta 74 pr. n. št. (sl. 5).29 3.2 Stari grad nad Uncem Na utrjeni naselbini Stari grad nad Uncem so našli najdbe iz pozne bronaste, železne in rimske dobe. Na osrednjem delu vzpetine so ruševine gradu iz od druge polovice 12. 26 27 28 29 Istenič 2005a, 81; Poux 2008, 380, sl. 56; Laharnar 2009, 132–133; Martin-Kilcher 2011, 35. Horvat 1995, t. 14: 11–22. Laharnar 2011, 364, 371, t. 2: 4–13. Horvat 1999, 190–191; FMRSl IV, 126–127, št. 46/3. 15 ton-and-loop fastener (pl. 2: 13) and brooches of the Alesia Group (pl. 2: 4–9)33 are also associated with Roman soldiers. Button and loop fasteners (with one or two loops) are common inds on the sites associated with the Roman army from the Augustan period to the end of the 1st century; in Notranjska, they are also known from Ulaka above Stari trg pri Ložu (pl. 3: 2) and from Gradišče at Čepna (pl. 4: 7). We assume they were used for buttoning coats, bags and tents.34 Similar objects were used as holders for metal phalerae and glass lockets.35 Larger button and loop fasteners with two loops were used for fastening a sword or a dagger to a military belt.36 More recent data and research show that brooches of the Alesia Group were closely associated with the Roman army. hey were worn by Caesar’s soldiers during the siege of Alesia, as well as Roman soldiers during the civil wars after Caesar’s death, and, sporadically, up to the Augustan period.37 do 16. st.30 Z najdišča izvirajo tudi žebljički za podkovanje rimskih vojaških obuval (t. 2: 10–12)31 in večje število svinčenih izstrelkov za pračo (sl. 6).32 Z rimskimi vojaki povezujemo najdbe bronastega gumba z enojno zanko (t. 2: 13) in ibule vrste Alezija (t. 2: 4–9).33 Gumbi z enojno ali dvojno zanko so pogosta najdba na najdiščih, povezanih z rimsko vojsko od avgustejske dobe do konca 1. stoletja; na Notranjskem so znane še z Ulake nad Starim trgom pri Ložu (t. 3: 2) in z Gradišča na Čepni (t. 4: 7). Domnevamo, da so jih uporabljali za zapenjanje plaščev, torb in šotorov.34 Podobni predmeti so se uporabljali kot nosilci kovinskih faler in steklenih medaljonov.35 Večji gumbi z dvojnim ušescem so bili namenjeni za obešanje meča ali bodala na vojaški pas.36 Novejši podatki in raziskave kažejo, da so ibule vrste Alezija tesno povezane z rimsko vojsko. Nosili so jih Cezarjevi vojaki pri obleganju Alezije in rimski vojaki v času državljanskih vojn po njegovi smrti ter posamič še do začetka avgustejske dobe.37 Roman military inds from Stari grad might be associated with the Roman military attack on the settlement during Caesar’s administration of the Cisalpine Gaul or during the Early Augustan period at the latest. his is indicated by Roman military inds, particularly the lead slingshot (including examples with damage characteristic of used projectiles), and by the absence of coins minted after 42 BC.38 Scarce inds might indicate a possible presence of people as late as the end of the 1st century,39 but it is unclear whether the inds come from the site of the settlement or from a supposed cult place,40 which could have also existed after the hillfort had been abandoned. Rimske vojaške najdbe s Starega gradu morda lahko povežemo z napadom rimske vojske na naselbino v obdobju od Cezarjeve uprave Galije Cisalpine do najpozneje zgodnje avgustejske dobe. Na to nas navajajo rimske vojaške najdbe, še posebej svinčeni želodi za pračo (med njimi tudi primerki s poškodbami, značilnimi za uporabljene izstrelke) in dejstvo, da ni po letu 42 pr. n. št. kovanih novcev.38 Redke najdbe sicer nakazujejo morebitno navzočnost ljudi do konca 1. st.,39 vendar ni jasno, ali izvirajo z območja naselbine ali z domnevnega kultnega mesta,40 ki bi namreč lahko obstajalo tudi po prenehanju poselitve gradišča. 3.3 Žerovnišček near Bločice 3.3 Žerovnišček pri Bločicah From a fortiied settlement at Žerovnišček on the eastern edge of Cerkniško polje come a number of metal-detector inds, which suggest that it was inhabited from the Late Bronze Age to the beginning of Roman period.41 he inds include a number of hobnails from Roman military footwear, dated to the era of Julius Caesar and up to the beginning of the Middle Augustan period (pl. 2: 17–21),42 with some examples of more lasting shapes (pl. 2: 22–24).43 Also Z utrjene naselbine na Žerovniščku ob vzhodnem obrobju Cerkniškega polja izvirajo številne detektorske najdbe, ki nakazujejo poselitev od pozne bronaste dobe do začetka rimske.41 Med najdbami je več žebljičkov z rimskih vojaških obuval, ki so datirani v obdobje od Cezarja do začetka srednjeavgustejske dobe (t. 2: 17–21),42 vmes pa so tudi primerki dolgotrajnih oblik (t. 2: 22–24).43 Od tod sta 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 16 43 Istenič 2005b, 206, 208, t. 1: 2, 4, 6, 13 Deschler-Erb 1999, 68. Deimel 1987, 306–308, pl. 81:1–14; Vičič 2002, 196. Istenič 2009, 83, ig. 87. Istenič 2005b, 204–205. FMRSl IV, 131–133, no. 48; FMRSl V, 85–86, no. 45; Gaspari 2009, 323. Gaspari 2009, ig. 7, 9–10. Cf. Božič 2011, 266–267. Laharnar 2009. Laharnar 2009, t. 5: 10–14. Laharnar 2009, t. 5: 15–17. 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Gaspari 2009; Laharnar 2011, 365–366. Gaspari 2009, 323, sl. 7: 5–7. Laharnar 2011, 365–366, sl. 6, t. 1: 1–2, 9, 12, 15–16, 19. Istenič 2005b, 206, 208, t. 1: 2, 4, 6, 13. Deschler-Erb 1999, 68. Deimel 1987, 306–308, t. 81:1–14; Vičič 2002, 196. Istenič 2009, 83, sl. 87. Istenič 2005b, 204–205. FMRSl IV, 131–133, št. 48; FMRSl V, 85–86, št. 45; Gaspari 2009, 323. Gaspari 2009, sl. 7, 9–10. Prim. Božič 2011, 266–267. Laharnar 2009. Laharnar 2009, t. 5: 10–14. Laharnar 2009, t. 5: 15–17. discovered were two lead slingshot (pl. 2: 14–15)44 and a buckle of a lorica segmentata (pl. 2: 16)45 from the Augustan to the Tiberian-Claudian period.46 Judging from the Roman military inds, the inal stages of the settlement at Žerovnišček were associated with the presence of the Roman army. he settlement was perhaps used as an occasional outpost for Roman military garrisons from the time of Julius Caesar’s administration (59–49 BC) to the Tiberian-Claudian period. Žerovnišček, after all, had a very important strategic position along the route leading by the Cerkniško jezero (probably the ancient marshes of Lugeon),47 after which it splits into two directions: towards Kvarner and Lika and towards Dolenjska. Possibly, the garrison could have manufactured lead slingshot. Aside from only two lead slingshot, a number of amorphous lead objects, most likely waste from casting, were discovered at the site (ig. 7).48 Similar artefacts from certain other sites, where the presence of the Roman army was established, are associated with the manufacturing of lead projectiles.49 svinčena izstrelka za pračo (t. 2: 14–15)44 in sponka sestavljenega oklepa (t. 2: 16)45 iz od avgustejske do tiberijskoklavdijske dobe.46 3.4 Ulaka above Stari trg pri Ložu Ulaka is a central fortiied settlement in the valley of Loška dolina. Individual inds suggest it was inhabited in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. A number of inds come from the Late Iron Age. During his excavations, Walter Schmid found evidence of structures, as well as small inds from the irst half of the 1st century and up to the Late Roman period.50 From the settlement on the northern slope of Ulaka come lead slingshot (ig. 8; ig. 13),51 some with lattened sides. he only parallels for these can be found in assemblages dated to the period between the second half of the 1st century BC and the Augustan-Tiberian period.52 An iron peg with a globular terminal and a loop with a ring (pl. 3: 3) has parallels in the military contexts of the Late Republican period, i.e. in camps around Numantia, associated with the wars between the Romans and the Celtiberians in 2nd century BC,53 as well as the Cáceres el Viejo camp, which was destroyed during the Sertorian war of 80–72 BC.54 hese pegs are also a common ind on sites 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Laharnar 2009, t. 5: 5–6. Laharnar 2009, t. 5: 9. Laharnar 2009, 132. See Šašel 1974, 15–16. Laharnar 2009, 109, 134, ig. 11, pls. 7: 2–19, 10: 1–22. Deyber 1994, 268; Contreras Rodrigo et al. 2006, 5; Poux 2008, 369. Šašel 1975; Gaspari 2000. Horvat 1993, 334, ig. 1: 10–13. Horvat 1993, 334, ig. 1: 11, 13; Laharnar 2011, 366–367, 370, pl. 1: 2–3; see also Ambroževo gradišče pl. 4: 3. Luik 2002, 236, 365, igs. 297, 307–309. Ulbert 1984, 227–228, pl. 26: 212–224. Na podlagi rimskih vojaških najdb domnevamo, da je zadnje obdobje poselitve na Žerovniščku povezano z navzočnostjo rimske vojske. V obdobju od Cezarjeve uprave (5949 pr. n. št.) do tiberijsko-klavdijske dobe je bila morda v naselbini občasno rimska vojaška posadka. Žerovnišček ima namreč pomembno strateško lego ob poti, ki je vodila mimo Cerkniškega jezera (verjetno antični Lugeon)47 in se je tam razcepila proti Kvarnerju in Liki ter Dolenjski. Posadka je morda izdelovala svinčene izstrelke za pračo. Poleg zgolj dveh svinčenih želodov so namreč na najdišču našli precej amorfnih predmetov iz svinca, najverjetneje livarskih odpadkov (sl. 7).48 Na nekaterih najdiščih, kjer je bila dokazana navzočnost rimske vojske, podobne predmete povezujejo z izdelavo svinčenih izstrelkov.49 Figure 7. Žerovnišček near Bločice. Amorphous lead and bronze objects, waste from casting (ater Laharnar 2009, 109, ig. 11; photo T. Lauko). Slika 7. Žerovnišček pri Bločicah. Amorfni svinčeni in bronasti predmeti, livarski odpad (po Laharnar 2009, 109, sl. 11; foto T. Lauko). 3.4 Ulaka nad Starim trgom pri Ložu Ulaka je središčna utrjena naselbina v Loški dolini. Posamezne najdbe nakazujejo, da je bila poseljena v pozni bronasti in starejši železni dobi. Veliko najdb je iz mlajše železne dobe. Izkopavanja Walterja Schmida so razkrila ostanke arhitekture in drobne najdbe od prve polovice 1. st. do poznorimskega obdobja.50 Iz naselbine in s severnega pobočja Ulake izvirajo svinčeni izstrelki za pračo (sl. 8; sl. 13).51 Med njimi so primerki s 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Laharnar 2009, t. 5: 5–6. Laharnar 2009, t. 5: 9. Laharnar 2009, 132. Glej Šašel 1974, 15–16. Laharnar 2009, 109, 134, sl. 11, t. 7: 2–19, 10: 1–22. Deyber 1994, 268; Contreras Rodrigo et al. 2006, 5; Poux 2008, 369. Šašel 1975, 155; Gaspari 2000. Horvat 1993, 334, sl. 1: 10–13. 17 Figure 8. Ulaka above Stari trg pri Ložu. Lead slingshot (ater Laharnar 2011, 348, ig. 7; photo T. Lauko). Slika 8. Ulaka nad Starim trgom pri Ložu. Svinčeni izstrelki za pračo (po Laharnar 2011, 348, sl. 7; foto T. Lauko). associated with the Roman army in the second half of the 1st century BC and the Augustan period (the Dangstetten fortress, 20/15–9/7 BC;55 the sites associated with military campaigns and battles in the gorge of Crap Ses from 40–20 BC to ca. 15 BC;56 the battle-site at Kalkriese in AD 957). he objects are interpreted as tent pegs or, sometimes, animal tethers. As Mike Bishop and John Coulston suggest, a large number of pegs were needed to secure a military tent. herefore, they ind it likely that due to transport convenience wooden pegs were used for tents, while iron pegs were used to tether animals.58 he use of wooden pegs is conirmed by archaeological inds in Roman military outposts.59 Sound parallels to the harness pendants pl. 3: 4–6 can be found among Early Imperial military inds.60 Similar objects from the territory of the present-day Slovenia also appear on sites occupied by Early Imperial Roman soldiers and veterans, e.g. among the inds from Emona61 and Poetovio.62 he Early Imperial military and civilian horse harnesses are diicult to tell apart, so the classiication of the pendants among military equipment is not certain.63 he pendant pl. 3: 4 from Ulaka is Bishop Type 3, which was in use between the middle of the 1st century and the irst few decades of the 2nd century. he type has a typical oval or heart-shaped central part and a peltate terminal with two semi-circular or crescent-shaped penetrations.64 In addition, the pendant from Ulaka also has two semicircular penetrations at the upper side of the heart-shaped central part. A good parallel was found in Viminacium65 and in the pendant from the forum of Emona.66 A Bishop Type 3 is also a pendant with an incised decoration pl. 4: 5. It has a good parallel in two examples from Vindonissa.67 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 18 67 Fingerlin 1986, 4/1–2, 8/1, 164/21. Rageth 2004, 299, ig. 4: 3–4; regarding dating, see MartinKilcher 2011, 43. Harnecker, Tolksdorf-Lienemann 2004, pl. 8: 845. Bishop, Coulston 2006, 69. Bishop, Coulston 2006, 116–117, ig. 67: 5–6; Hvalec et al. 2009, 3. E.g. Bishop 1988; Deschler-Erb et al. 1991, igs. 44, 46; Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, pls. 49–57; Fingerlin 1998, 56, 243, 788/5–4, 98, 293, 928/1, 128, 328, 1041/1; Müller 2002, pl. 50; Deschler-Erb 2007, 75–88; Harnecker, Franzius 2008, 17, pl. 17: 249–252. Gaspari 2010, 102, ig. 57: a–e. Istenič 1999, 67–68. Mackensen 1987, 158; Istenič 1999, 67–68; Plaum, Lux, in this book. Bishop 1988, 96, 145; Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, 39, pl. 57: 1590–1600; Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, 56–57. Golubovič 2008, 74, 77, pl. 49: 26. Plesničar Gec 2006, 162, pl. 48: 3; Gaspari 2010, 102, ig. 57: d. Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, 39, pl. 57: 1594–1595. sploščenima stranema, ki imajo primerjave le v sklopih, datiranih od druge polovice 1. st. pr. n. št. do avgustejskotiberijske dobe.52 Železni klin z gumbastim zaključkom in vdetim obročem (t. 3: 3) ima dobre primerjave v vojaških kontekstih poznorepublikanske dobe, tj. v taborih v okolici Numancije, povezanih z vojnami med Rimljani in Keltoiberi v 2. st. pr. n. št.53 in v taboru Cáceres el Viejo, ki je bil uničen v času Sertorijeve vojne med letoma 80 in 72 pr. n. št.54 Taki klini so pogosta najdba tudi na najdiščih, povezanih z rimsko vojsko v drugi polovici 1. st. pr. n. št. in v avgustejski dobi (legijski tabor Dangstetten, 20/15–9/7 pr. n. št.;55 prizorišča, povezana z vojaškimi pohodi oz. spopadi na območju tesni Crap Ses, 40–20 do okrog 15 pr. n. št.;56 prostor bitke v Kalkrieseju, 9 n. št.57). Te predmete interpretirajo kot kline za šotore ali redkeje za privez živali. Mike Bishop in John Coulston sta namreč opozorila, da je bilo za pritrditev vojaških šotorov potrebno veliko število klinov. Zato se jima zdi verjetneje, da so zaradi lažjega transporta za šotore večinoma uporabljali lesene, za privez živali pa železne kline.58 Uporaba lesenih klinov je dokazana z arheološkimi najdbami v rimskih vojaških postojankah.59 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Horvat 1993, 334, sl. 1: 11, 13; Laharnar 2011, 366–367, 370, t. 1: 2–3; glej tudi Ambroževo gradišče t. 4: 3. Luik 2002, 236, 365, sl. 297, 307–309. Ulbert 1984, 227–228, t. 26: 212–224. Fingerlin 1986, 4/1–2, 8/1, 164/21. Rageth 2004, 299, sl. 4: 3–4; o dataciji Martin-Kilcher 2011, 43. Harnecker, Tolksdorf-Lienemann 2004, t. 8: 845. Bishop, Coulston 2006, 69. Bishop, Coulston 2006, 116 –117, sl. 67: 5–6; Hvalec et al. 2009, 3. he damaged pendant pl. 3: 6 belongs to Bishop Type 5: teardrop-shaped pendants with a globular terminal, in use from the rule of Emperor Claudius until the 2nd century.68 he inds suggest that Roman soldiers were present at Ulaka in the Augustan period and in the 1st century. he tent peg, the lead slingshot and the brass brooch of the Alesia Group (pl. 3: 1)69 might point to their presence even in pre-Augustan times. 3.5 Nadleški hrib he remnants of the stronghold with an entrance in the shape of a clavicula at Nadleški hrib have long been known.70 In 2010 and 2011, part of the site was researched with the geoelectric resistivity method and Ground Penetrating Radar. A site plan was made (ig. 9).71 From the site of Nadleški hrib a number of metal-detector inds exist: three lead slingshot (pl. 3: 15–17), two large Tauriscan silver tetradrahmas,72 two halved Roman asses73 and an iron awl (pl. 3: 18).74 Considering its geographical position, historical circumstances and the inds, we assume that the Romans built the stronghold at Nadleški hrib between Caesar’s administration of the Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum and the Augustan period. he stronghold, therefore, played an important role either during the Roman conquest or in the hinterland of the military conlicts in the Balkans during the Augustan period. Dobre primerjave za obeske konjske opreme t. 3: 4–6 smo našli med zgodnjecesarskimi vojaškimi najdbami.60 Podobni predmeti z območja sedanje Slovenije prav tako izvirajo z najdišč, na katerih so bili v zgodnjecesarskem obdobju rimski vojaki in veterani, npr. med gradivom v Emoni61 ter na Ptuju.62 Težko je razlikovati med zgodnjecesarsko vojaško in civilno konjsko opremo, zato opredelitev obeskov med vojaško konjsko opremo ni zanesljiva.63 Obesek t. 3: 4 z Ulake sodi v 3. vrsto po Bishopu, ki je bila v uporabi od sredine 1. do prvih desetletij 2. st. Zanje je značilen ovalni ali srčasti osrednji del s peltastim zaključkom, ki ima dve polkrožni ali polmesečasti predrtini.64 Obesek z Ulake ima dve polkrožni predrtini tudi na zgornjem delu srčastega osrednjega dela. Dobro primerjavo zanj smo našli v Viminaciju65 in v obesku z emonskega foruma.66 Obeskom 3. vrste po Bishopu pripada tudi obesek z vrezanim okrasom t. 4: 5. Dobro primerjavo ima v dveh primerkih iz Vindonisse.67 Poškodovani obesek t. 3: 6 sodi v 5. vrsto po Bishopovi tipologiji, ki združuje obeske kapljičaste oblike z gumbastim zaključkom in je datirana od vlade cesarja Klavdija do 2. st.68 Te najdbe nas napeljujejo na domnevo, da so bili v avgustejski dobi in v 1. st. na Ulaki rimski vojaki. Klin za šotor, svinčeni izstrelki za pračo in medeninasta ibula vrste Alezija (t. 3: 1)69 sicer lahko nakazujejo njihovo navzočnost že v predavgustejski dobi. 3.6 Ambroževo gradišče near Slavina 3.5 Nadleški hrib With its mighty ramparts, Ambroževo gradišče is a fortiied settlement, only some 600 m (in a straight line) removed from the site of Baba.75 he earliest inds are from the Late Bronze Age, and the inds from the Iron Age are more numerous. he trenching revealed remains of Augustan structures. he inds from between the 1st and 4th century are scarce.76 Ostanki rimske utrdbe z vhodom v obliki ključnice (clavicula) na Nadleškem hribu so že dolgo znani.70 V letih 2010 in 2011 smo del najdišča raziskali z metodo upornosti tal in z georadarjem. Izdelali smo načrt najdišča (sl. 9).71 Z območja Nadleškega hriba izvirajo detektorske najdbe: trije svinčeni izstrelki za pračo (t. 3: 15–17), velika keltska 60 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 Bishop 1988, 96, 98; Deschler-Erb 1999, 57. Istenič 2005b, 207, pl. 1: 10 Saria 1935, 745; Degrassi 1954, 120. Laharnar 2013. I would like to acknowledge Alenka Miškec for providing the information. FMRSl IV, 103, no. 41. Just before the paper went to print, National Museum of Slovenia acquired several inds from the site. Items were collected in early spring 2014 ater a sleet storm causing uprooting of the trees. They include an iron catapult-bolt, two iron spear-butts, lead slingshot, iron hobnails, a bronze fragment of a shield binding, a Roman denarius (90 BC) and two Roman republican asses. Horvat 1995, 189. Horvat 1995, 183–188, 194–197, pl. 7–13, 14: 1–7. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Npr. Bishop 1988; Deschler-Erb et al. 1991, sl. 44, 46; Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, t. 49–57; Fingerlin 1998, 56, 243, 788/5–4, 98, 293, 928/1, 128, 328, 1041/1; Müller 2002, t. 50; Deschler-Erb 2007, 75–88; Harnecker, Franzius 2008, 17, t. 17: 249–252. Gaspari 2010, 102, sl. 57: a–e. Istenič 1999, 67–68. Mackensen 1987, 158; Istenič 1999, 67–68; Plaum, Lux, v tem zborniku. Bishop 1988, 96, 145; Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, 39, t. 57: 1590– 1600; Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, 56–57. Golubovič 2008, 74, 77, t. 49: 26. Plesničar Gec 2006, 162, t. 48: 3; Gaspari 2010, 102, sl. 57: d. Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, 39, t. 57: 1594–1595. Bishop 1988, 96, 98; Deschler-Erb 1999, 57. Istenič 2005b, 207, t. 1: 10. Saria 1935, 745; Degrassi 1954, 120. Laharnar 2013. 19 srebrnika tavriške skupine,72 polovičena rimska republikanska asa73 in železno šilo (t. 3: 18).74 Glede na geografski položaj, zgodovinske okoliščine in najdbe domnevamo, da so Rimljani utrdbo na Nadleškem hribu zgradili v obdobju od Cezarjeve uprave Galije Cisalpine in Ilirika do vključno avgustejske dobe. Utrdba je torej imela pomembno vlogo ob rimskem osvajanju ali pri nadzoru zaledja osrednjih vojnih žarišč na Balkanskem polotoku v avgustejski dobi. 3.6 Ambroževo gradišče pri Slavini Ambroževo gradišče je z mogočnimi okopi utrjena naselbina, od najdišča Baba oddaljena le okrog 600 m zračne črte.75 Najstarejše najdbe so iz pozne bronaste dobe, več najdb je iz železne dobe. S sondiranji so odkrili ostanke stavb iz avgustejske dobe. Najdb iz obdobja med 1. in 4. st. je malo.76 Rimskim vojaškim najdbam z Ambroževega gradišča pripadajo odbojnik gladija vrste Mainz (t. 3: 19), zankasti okov sestavljenega oklepa (t. 3: 20), verjetno odlomek mrežastega okova nožnice (t. 3: 21), suličasto-rombični obesek konjske opreme (t. 3: 22), in svinčeni izstrelki za pračo (sl. 10; sl. 14; t. 4: 1–3). Figure 9. Nadleški hrib. The site plan (ater Laharnar 2013; R. Klasinc). Slika 9. Nadleški hrib. Načrt najdišča (po Laharnar 2013; načrt R. Klasinc). he Roman military inds from Ambroževo gradišče include a handguard plate of the Mainz Type gladius (pl. 3: 19), a lorica segmentata itting (pl. 3: 20), probably a fragment of a net-like scabbard itting (pl. 3: 21), a spear-like lozenge-shaped harness pendant (pl. 3: 22) and lead slingshot (ig. 10; ig. 14; pl. 4: 1–3). he Mainz Type gladius was a typical assault weapon of Roman infantry (legionaries as well as auxiliary troop) from the Augustan period until the middle of the 1st century. he hilt of the Mainz Type gladius consisted of a circular- or octagonal-sectioned guard with four ridges and a lattened spherical pommel. he guard, the grip and the pommel were made of wood or bone, in rare cases (oicers?) of ivory. he metal guard plate protected the lower part of the guard and reinforced the transition of the hilt into the blade.77 Tie loop in the shape of a stylized bird’s head (t. 3: 20) was part of a lorica segmentata cuirass. In the Roman army, such armour was probably only used by legionaries. he various Gladiji vrste Mainz so bili značilno napadalno orožje rimskih pešakov, tako legionarjev kot pripadnikov pomožnih enot, od avgustejskega obdobja do sredine 1. st. Ročaje mečev vrste Mainz so sestavljali branik, štirikratno narebreni držaj okroglega ali oktogonalnega preseka in glavič sploščene jajčaste oblike. Branik, držaj in glavič so bili iz lesa ali kosti, pri redkih (častniških ?) primerkih tudi iz slonovine. Kovinski odbojnik je ščitil spodnji del branika in utrdil prehod ročaja v rezilo.77 Okov z zanko v obliki stilizirane ptičje glavice (t. 3: 20) je del rimskega sestavljenega oklepa (lorica segmentata). Verjetno so take oklepe v rimski vojski uporabljali zgolj legionarji. Različne izvedbe sestavljenih oklepov so bile v rabi od srednjeavgustejske dobe do 3. st.78 Okovi, podobni primerku z Ambroževega gradišča, so bili z zakovicami pritrjeni na lamelo oklepa; njihova zanka je bila namenjena vezavi z zan72 73 74 75 76 77 77 20 Künzl 1996, 395, ig. 6: 1, 396, ig. 7: 1–3; Deschler-Erb 1999, 23; Bishop, Coulston 2006, 78–83. 78 Ustna informacija Alenke Miškec. FMRSl IV, 103, št. 41. Tik pred zaključkom redakcije je Narodni muzej Slovenije pridobil z najdišča več najdb. Predmeti so bili pobrani zgodaj spomladi leta 2014 med koreninami dreves, ki jih je podrlo neurje z žledom. Med najdbami so železni katapultni izstrelek, železni sulični kopiti, svinčeni izstrelki za pračo, železni žebljički za čevlje, bronasti odlomek ščitnega okova, rimski denarij (90 pr. n. št.) in rimska republikanska asa. Horvat 1995, 189. Horvat 1995, 183–188, 194–197, t. 7–13, 14: 1–7. Künzl 1996, 395, sl. 6: 1, 396, sl. 7: 1–3; Deschler-Erb 1999, 23; Bishop, Coulston 2006, 78–83. Bishop, Coulston 2006, 95, 254–257; Deschler-Erb 2007, 76. ko okova na nasprotni lameli oklepa. Taki zankasti okovi so znani iz vojaških kontekstov 1. stoletja v Augusti Raurici79 in Vindonissi.80 Ožja in daljša primerka, med katerimi ima eden podobno skovano glavico kot okov z Ambroževega gradišča, sta bila odkrita v kontekstu iz prve polovice 1. st. na Štalenski gori.81 S podobnimi okovi se je spenjal oklep iz zaklada Corbridge, datiran v 2. st.82 Zdi se, da so sestavljeni oklepi različice Corbridge nadomestili starejšo različico Kalkriese pred sredino 1. st. n. št.83 Med številnimi okovi sestavljenih oklepov ima le pri redkih zanka obliko ptičje glavice. Morda ravno ta motiv nakazuje, da gre za starejšo različico takih okovov. Podobno zanko je namreč imel okov iz poznoavgustejskih plasti na najdišču Šumi v Ljubljani. Andrej Gaspari je predmet opredelil kot okov sestavljenega oklepa avgustejske različice Kalkriese ali kot element konjske opreme.84 Obliko ptičje glavice imajo tudi zaključki enega izmed okovov nožnice rimskega meča iz Ljubljanice, ki je datiran v začetek druge polovice 1. stoletja pr. n. št.85 versions of lorica segmentata were in use from the Middle Augustan period to the 3rd century.78 Tie loops, similar to the one from Ambroževo gradišče, were itted to a strip of the armour by rivets; the loop could then be connected to the loop on the opposite strip of the armour. Such tie loops are known from the 1st century military contexts in Augusta Raurica79 and Vindonissa.80 he narrower and longer two examples, one of which has a head forged similarly to the itting from Ambroževo gradišče, were discovered in the 1st century context at Magdalensberg.81 Similar ittings were used to fasten the armour from the Corbridge hoard from the 2nd century.82 he Corbridge variant of lorica segmentata seems to have replaced the earlier Kalkriese variant before the middle of the 1st century AD.83 Among the many lorica segmentata ittings, only a few have a loop in the shape of a bird’s head. his motif could be indicative of an earlier version of such ittings. A similar loop was part of a itting from the Late Augustan layers at the Šumi site in Ljubljana. Andrej Gaspari has classiied the item as a lorica segmentata itting of the Augustan Kalkriese variant or as an element of a horse harness.84 he chapes from a scabbard of a Roman sword from the Ljubljanica River from the beginning of the second half of the 1st century are also shaped like a bird’s head.85 Domnevamo, da je predmet t. 3: 21 odlomek mrežastega okova nožnice. Za to poleg njegove oblike govori njegova elementna sestava, ki kaže, da je iz medenine. Medeninasti mrežasti okovi so krasili sprednje strani konic nožnic rimskih mečev (verjetno vrste Mainz) v srednje- in morda v zgodnjeavgustejski dobi. Njihova široka razprostranjenost nakazuje, da so bili del utečene proizvodnje rimskega orožja.86 Zgodnejši primerek, pri katerem je mrežasti okov pokrival celo sprednjo stran nožnice, je bil najden v Ljubljanici.87 Pokazatelj navzočnost rimskih vojakov na Ambroževem gradišču so tudi najdbe bronastih asov kovnice Nemavs.88 Alenka Miškec novce te skupine z območja jugovzhodnih Alp povezuje z rimskimi vojaškimi aktivnostmi v avgustejski dobi, najverjetneje s panonsko vojno med 14 in 8 pr. n. št.89 Sklop svinčenih želodov za pračo izvira najverjetneje iz zaloge (sl. 10). Večina izstrelkov iz sklopa je enotne vretenaste oblike, vsaj dva primerka sta polizdelka (t. 4: 1–2), nobeden nima za uporabljene izstrelke značilnih poškodb. Enaka patina na večini predmetov napeljuje na domnevo, da so bili najdeni blizu skupaj.90 Domnevamo, da je bila v avgustejski dobi in v prvih desetletjih 1. st. n. št. na Ambroževem gradišču rimska voja79 We assume that the object pl. 3: 21 is a fragment of a netlike scabbard itting, based on its shape, as well as its el78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 Bishop, Coulston 2006, 95, 254–257; Deschler-Erb 2007, 76. Deschler-Erb 1999, 146, pl. 15: 257–263. Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, 29–30, pls. 31: 660–669, 32: 670–713. Deimel 1987, 292, pl. 76: 31–32. Thomas 2003, 91–108; Bishop, Coulston 2006, 29, igs. 11, 99, ig. 56: 30. Bishop 2002, 92, ig. 10.1. Gaspari 2010, 91, 94, pl. 28: Š 1016. Istenič 2000, 175–178. Figure 10. Ambroževo gradišče near Slavina. Lead slingshot (ater Laharnar 2011, 346, ig. 5; photo T. Lauko). Slika 10. Ambroževo gradišče pri Slavini. Svinčeni izstrelki za pračo (po Laharnar 2011, 346, sl. 5; foto T. Lauko). 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 Deschler-Erb 1999, 146, t. 15: 257–263. Unz, Deschler-Erb 1997, 29–30, t. 31: 660–669, 32: 670–713. Deimel 1987, 292, t. 76: 31–32. Thomas 2003, 91–108; Bishop, Coulston 2006, 29, sl. 11, 99, sl. 56: 30. Bishop 2002, 92, sl. 10.1. Gaspari 2010, 91, 94, t. 28: Š 1016. Istenič 2000, 175–178. Istenič 2003, 275. Istenič 2000. FMRSl IV, 45/1: 22–23; FMRSl V, 42: 14. Miškec 2009, 283–285, 287, sl. 5. Laharnar 2011, 370, sl. 5, t. 1: 5–6. 21 emental composition, which suggests brass. Brass net-ittings were a decoration of the front tips of scabbards of Roman swords (probably of the Mainz Type) in the Middle and possibly Early Augustan periods. heir wide distribution suggests they were part of the ongoing manufacture of Roman weapons.86 An earlier example with a net-like itting covering the whole front of the scabbard was found in the Ljubljanica.87 Another indication of the presence of Roman soldiers at Ambroževo gradišče are the bronze asses from the Nemausus mint.88According to Alenka Miškec, the coins from this group discovered in the area of the SE Alps point to Roman military operations in the Augustan period, most likely the Bellum Pannonicum of 14–8 BC.89 An assemblage of lead slingshot was probably part of stored ammunition (ig. 10). Most of the projectiles are uniformly spindle-like; at least two of them are uninished products (pl. 4: 1–2), and none of them has damage typical of a ired projectile. Similar patina on most of the objects would suggest they were found close together.90 We assume that Ambroževo gradišče harboured a Roman military outpost during the Augustan period and the irst decades of the 1st century. his is indicated by individual military inds, an assemblage of lead slingshot and coins. he supposition also allows for the simple (probably wooden) Augustan structures, discovered at the settlement by Mehtilda Urleb,91 which could possibly have served as military barracks. he pottery from these structures has sound parallels in both civilian and military contexts.92 he Roman army was well known for its eiciency, pragmatism and adjustment to existing circumstances. he choice of a well-fortiied local settlement for a military outpost would not have been out of the ordinary.93 Such cases are known from eastern Slavonia, for example, where Roman military bases of the Augustan period were set up in the Late La Tène settlements.94 4 The Roman army in the Notranjska region: 2nd and 3rd centuries, Late Roman period Among the material presented here, there are also artefacts that would indicate the presence of Roman soldiers after the relatively peaceful irst two centuries AD. hese inds suggest that some old and long-abandoned fortiied hill-top settlements were once again in use. During the 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 22 94 Istenič 2003, 275. Istenič 2000. FMRSl IV, 45/1: 22–23; FMRSl V, 42: 14. Miškec 2009, 283–285, 287, ig. 5. Laharnar 2011, 370, ig. 5, pl. 1: 5–6. Urleb 1957, 153–155; Horvat 1995, 183–188. Cf. Roth-Rubi 2006. Todd 2007; Maxield 2009, 79. Dizdar, Radman-Livaja 2004, 46. ška postojanka. To nakazujejo posamezne vojaške najdbe, sklop svinčenih izstrelkov in novci. S to domnevo se skladajo tudi preproste (verjetno lesene) avgustejske stavbe, ki jih je na gradišču odkrila Mehtilda Urleb91 in so morda bivališča vojakov. V njih odkrita rimska keramika ima namreč dobre primerjave v civilnih in tudi v vojaških kontekstih.92 Rimska vojska je bila znana po svoji učinkovitosti, pragmatičnosti in prilagajanju danim možnostim. Izbira dobro utrjene naselbine domačinov za vojaško postojanko ne bi bila neobičajna.93 Taki primeri so znani npr. v vzhodni Slavoniji, kjer so bila rimska vojaška oporišča avgustejske dobe postavljena v poznolatenske naselbine.94 4 Rimska vojska na Notranjskem: 2. in 3. stoletje, pozna rimska doba Med obravnavanim gradivom so tudi predmeti, ki nakazujejo navzočnost rimskih vojakov po relativno mirnemu obdobju prvih dveh stoletij n. št. Te najdbe kažejo, da so bile nekatere stare in že davno opuščene utrjene višinske naselbine spet v uporabi. V pozni rimski dobi, zaznamovani s postopnim propadanjem enotne rimske države, državljanskimi vojnami in vdori barbarskih ljudstev, je prek Notranjske tekel del obsežnega sistema julijskoalpskih zapor Claustra Alpium Iuliarum.95 Opustitvi linijske obrambe s sistemom zapor je po začetku 5. st. verjetno sledila vzpostavitev razpršene obrambe (načelo vojne krajine) z manjšimi višinskimi utrdbami in drugimi postojankami.96 Vojaški značaj v drugi polovici 4. in prvi polovici 5. st. kažeta najdišči v Jami pod Predjamskim gradom97 in na Križni gori.98 Afriško transportno posodje iz Šmarate je morda povezano z vojaško annono in posredno nakazuje navzočnost rimske vojske med koncem 4. in sredino 5. st.99 V posameznih primerkih poznorimskega in poznoantičnega orožja slutimo vojaško navzočnost tudi na Gradu pri Šmihelu.100 Za dvokrilno pasno spono (t. 3: 7), okov peltaste oblike (t. 3: 8) in gumb (t. 3: 9) z Ulake nad Starim trgom pri Ložu je Andrej Gaspari domneval, da so del zaključene celote, ki sestavlja del vojaške oprave srednjecesarskega obdobja.101 Vsi trije so bili namreč izkopani znotraj t. i. kovačnice E po Schmidu in jih povezujeta podobna patina ter ožganost, v t. i. kovačnici C po Schmidu pa je bil najden po- 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 Urleb 1957, 153–155; Horvat 1995, 183–188. Prim. Roth-Rubi 2006. Todd 2007; Maxield 2009, 79. Dizdar, Radman-Livaja 2004, 46. Šašel, Petru 1971; Johnson 1983; Christie 1991, 413–420. Šašel 1971, 18; Plaum 2004, 153; Ciglenečki, v tem zborniku. Korošec 1982; Pröttel 1996, 140–144; Vidrih Perko 2000, 444. Urleb 1974a; Urleb 1974b, antične najdbe: 69–71, t. 38–43, antična arhitektura: priloga 1; Ciglenečki 1985, 268–269. Vidrih Perko et al. 1998. Windischgrätz 1892; Hoernes 1892, [9], sl. 8, 18, 19, 20, 22; Horvat 2002, 161–163, t. 21: 1–5. Gaspari 2000, 52, t. 25: 1–2, 4. Late Roman period, characterized by a gradual demise of the uniied Roman state, civil wars and barbarian invasions, a considerable part of the Alpine defence system Claustra Alpium Iuliarum was positioned across Notranjska.95 he abandonment of the line defence with its system of barriers in the early 5th century was probably followed by adopting scattered defence (the principle of Military Frontier) with smaller hill-top strongholds and other outposts.96 he sites that were presumably military in character during the second half of the 4th century and the irst half of the 5th century are Jama under Predjamski grad (Predjama Castle)97 and Križna gora.98 he African transport containers from Šmarata may have been connected to the military annona and indirectly suggest the presence of the Roman army between the late 4th century and the middle of the 5th century.99 Sporadic examples of Late Roman and Late Antique weapons also hint at the military presence at Grad near Šmihel.100 Andrej Gaspari assumed a buckle loop (pl 3: 7), a peltate strap mount (pl. 3: 8) and a button (pl. 3: 9) from Ulaka above Stari trg pri Ložu are part of a set belonging to military attire from the Middle Imperial Age.101 Speciically, all three were excavated within the so-called forge E according to Schmid and are similarly covered with patina and singed. A button with two embossed concentric circles (t. 3: 10), also covered with patina and singed, was discovered in the so-called Schmid forge C. he buckle loop from Ulaka is a well-deined type with parallels in Pannonia and the strongholds of the Germanic limes, where they are mostly dated into the second half of the 2nd century.102 Comparable buckles have been discovered at sites in Romania, during the excavations of the cemeteries in Viminacium, as well as in Britain, Spain and Dura-Europos.103 Equally well-deinable is the peltate strap mount, dated on the basis of the parallels from the limes strongholds along the Rheine and Danube and other sites into the second half of the 2nd century and irst half of the 3rd century104 Two bronze double studs (pl. 3: 11–12) either from a military belt or straps of a horse harness could also be part of military attire. Bronze double buttons were a common 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 Šašel, Petru 1971; Johnson 1983; Christie 1991, 413–420. Šašel 1971, 18; Plaum 2004, 153; Ciglenečki, in this book. Korošec 1982; Pröttel 1996, 140–144; Vidrih Perko 2000, 444. Urleb 1974a; Urleb 1974b, Antique inds: 69–71, pl. 38–43, Antique architecture: Appendix 1; Ciglenečki 1985, 268–269. Vidrih Perko et al. 1998. Windischgrätz 1892; Hoernes 1892, [9], igs. 8, 18, 19, 20, 22; Horvat 2002, 161–163, pl. 21: 1–5. Gaspari 2000, 52, pl. 25: 1–2, 4. Oldstein 1976, 214–216, cf. pls. 75: 1005, 76: 1006, 1008. Bishop, Coulston 2006, 191, ig. 124: 7; James 2004, 79, ig. 37: cat. nos. 72, 74. Oldstein 1976, 171, pls. 47: 513–514, 48: 516–526; Ciglenečki 1990, 152, pl. 1: 5; Schleiermacher 2000, 186, 189, pl. 8: 1, 3–4. dobno patiniran in prav tako ožgan gumb s proiliranima koncentričnima krogoma (t. 3: 10). Ulaška dvokrilna pasna spona je dobro opredeljena oblika s primerjavami v Panoniji in utrdbah germanskega limesa, kjer so datirane večinoma v drugo polovico 2. st.102 Take spone so odkrili tudi na najdiščih v Romuniji, med izkopavanji grobišč Viminacija, v Britaniji, Španiji in DuraEuroposu.103 Dobro opredeljiv predmet je okov peltaste oblike, ki je s primerjavami iz utrdb renskega in donavskega limesa ter drugih najdišč datiran v drugo polovico 2. in prvo polovico 3. st.104 Del vojaške oprave sta morda bronasta dvojna gumba (t. 3: 11–12) z vojaškega pasu ali jermenja konjske opreme. Bronasti dvojni gumbi so pogosta najdba na rimskih najdiščih od druge polovice 2. do sredine 3. st.105 Na Notranjskem so jih našli tudi na utrjenih naselbinah Gradišče nad Gornjo Košano (t. 4: 19), Gradišče na Čepni (t. 4: 9–12) in na Ahacu (t. 4: 20). Okovom (t. 3: 8, 4: 14), gumbom (t. 3: 9–10, 4: 19–20) in dvojnim gumbom (t. 4: 9–11) je skupna značilna izvedba trna (ali dveh trnov), ki je masivne valjaste oblike s kapičastim zaključkom za namestitev (zapenjanje) na usnjen pas. Okov pasne spone z utrjene naselbine Gradišče nad Knežakom (t. 4: 13) je pripadal pasu, značilnemu za vojaško opravo v drugi polovici 3. in v 4. st.106 Številne primerjave za take okove vojaških pasov najdemo na najdiščih v Galiji in v vojaških postojankah ob renskem ter donavskem limesu.107 102 103 104 105 106 107 Oldstein 1976, 214–216, prim. t. 75: 1005, 76: 1006, 1008. Bishop, Coulston 2006, 191, sl. 124: 7; James 2004, 79, sl. 37: kat. št. 72, 74. Oldstein 1976, 171, t. 47: 513–514, 48: 516–526; Ciglenečki 1990, 152, t. 1: 5; Schleiermacher 2000, 186, 189, t. 8: 1, 3–4. Oldstein 1976, 167–169; Schwarz 2002, 235–236; Radman-Livaja 2004, 95, t. 45: 299–305; Plaum, Lux, v tem zborniku. Bishop, Coulston 2006, 218–219, sl. 137: 4. Sommer 1984, 22–23. Figure 11. The sites with the evidence of Roman army in Notranjska. 1 Grad near Šmihel pod Nanosom; 2 Predjama; 3 Baba near Slavina; 4 Ambroževo gradišče near Slavina; 5 Kerin above Pivka; 6 Primož above Raduhova vas; 7 Gradišče at Čepna; 8 Gradišče above Knežak; 9 Gradišče above Gornja Košana; 10 Ahac; 11 Stari grad above Unec; 12 Žerovnišček near Bločice; 13 Križna gora; 14 Ulaka above Stari trg pri Ložu; 15 Nadleški hrib; 16 Šmarata (© Narodni muzej Slovenije; © Geodetska uprava RS, layer vode PK 500, May 1998). Slika 11. Najdišča s sledovi rimske vojske na Notranjskem. 1 Grad pri Šmihelu pod Nanosom; 2 Predjama; 3 Baba pri Slavini; 4 Ambroževo gradišče pri Slavini; 5 Kerin nad Pivko; 6 Primož nad Raduhovo vasjo; 7 Gradišče na Čepni; 8 Gradišče nad Knežakom; 9 Gradišče nad Gornjo Košano; 10 Ahac; 11 Stari grad nad Uncem; 12 Žerovnišček pri Bločicah; 13 Križna gora; 14 Ulaka nad Starim trgom pri Ložu; 15 Nadleški hrib; 16 Šmarata (© Narodni muzej Slovenije; © Geodetska uprava RS, podatkovni sloj vod PK 500, maj 1998). 23 ind at Roman sites from the second half of the 2nd century to the middle of the 3rd century.105 In Notranjska, they have also been found at the fortiied settlements of Gradišče above Gornja Košana (pl. 4: 19), Gradišče at Čepna (pl. 4: 9–12) and Ahac (pl. 4: 20). What the ittings (pls. 3: 8, 4: 14), the buttons (pls. 3: 9–10, 4: 19–20) and the double studs (pl. 4: 9–11) have in common is the tang (or two tangs), which has a solid cylindrical shape and a cap-shaped terminal for fastening onto a leader belt. he belt buckle itting from the fortiied settlement of Gradišče above Knežak (pl. 4: 13) belonged to a belt typical of the military attire from the second half of the 3rd century and the 4th century.106 Many parallels for such military belt ittings were found on sites in Gaul and in army outposts along the Rheine and the Danube limes.107 he propeller-stifener (pl. 3: 13) and the fragment of an amphora-shaped strap terminal (pl. 3: 14) from Ulaka belong among the Late Roman military inds, typical of the second third of the 4th century and early 5th century.108 he belt ittings from the fortiied settlement of Primož above Raduhova vas (ig. 15) are from the same period.109 A propeller-stifener was also found at the nearby Kerin above Pivka (pl. 4: 17). 5 Conclusion Sometime after the colony in Aquileia was founded (181 BC) and probably before the existence of the Roman merchant outpost at Mandrga near Razdrto (late 2nd and early 1st centuries BC), the Romans attacked and conquered the fortiied settlement of Grad near Šmihel pod Nanosom. Antique written sources report of a series of military campaigns by the Roman consular armies east of Aquileia in the decades after it had been founded (the conquest of Istria 178/177 BC, the campaign of Gaius Cassius Longinus in 171 BC, the campaign of Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus in 129 BC, the campaign of Lucius Aurelius Cotta and Metellus in 115 BC, and the battles between Gnaeus Papirius Carbo and the Cimbri in 113 BC), but no one particular event can be associated with the Roman weapons from Šmihel. he supposed Roman military operations at Baba near Slavina, Stari grad above Unec, Ulaka above Stari trg pri Ložu and Roman military presence at Žerovnišček near Bločice are dated within the period of Julius Caesar’s administration of the Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum (59–49 BC); the Octavian wars in Illyricum (35–33 BC) and the 105 106 107 108 24 109 Oldstein 1976, 167–169; Schwarz 2002, 235–236; RadmanLivaja 2004, 95, pl. 45: 299–305; Plaum, Lux, in this book. Bishop, Coulston 2006, 218–219, ig. 137: 4. Sommer 1984, 22–23. Prim. Plaum 2001a; Plaum 2001b. Istenič 1997a, pl. 2: 7–8; Plaum 2001b. Med poznorimske najdbe vojaške oprave z Ulake uvrščamo krilati pasni okov (t. 3: 13) in odlomek jermenskega zaključka amforaste oblike (t. 3: 14), značilna za obdobje druge tretjine 4. in začetek 5. st.108 Iz istega obdobja so pasni okovi z utrjene naselbine Primož nad Radohovo vasjo (sl. 15).109 Krilati okov so našli tudi na bližnjem Kerinu nad Pivko (t. 4: 17). 5 Zaključek Po ustanovitvi kolonije v Akvileji (181 pr. n. št.) in verjetno pred obstojem rimske trgovske postojanke na Mandrgi blizu Razdrtega (konec 2. in v začetku 1. stoletja pr. n. št.) so Rimljani v vojaškem napadu osvojili utrjeno naselbino Grad pri Šmihelu pod Nanosom. Antični pisni viri poročajo o seriji vojaških pohodov rimskih konzularnih vojsk vzhodno od Akvileje v desetletjih po njeni ustanovitvi (zavzetje Istre 178/177 pr. n. št., pohod Gaja Kasija Longina 171 pr. n. št., pohod Gaja Sempronija Tuditana 129 pr. n. št., pohod Lucija Avrelija Kote in Metela 115 pr. n. št. ter boje Gneja Papirija Karbona s Kimbri 113 pr. n. št.), vendar rimskega orožja iz Šmihela ni mogoče povezati z določenim dogodkom. V čas od Cezarjeve uprave Galije Cisalpine in Ilirika (59– 49 pr. n. št.), Oktavijanovih vojn v Iliriku (35–33 pr. n. št.) in do začetka srednjeavgustejske dobe (15 pr. n. št.) datiramo domnevne rimske vojaške posege na Babi pri Slavini, Starem gradu nad Uncem, Ulaki nad Starim trgom pri Ložu ter rimsko vojaško prisotnost na Žerovniščku pri Bločicah. Iz tega obdobja je morda tudi rimska utrdba na Nadleškem hribu. V obdobju od sredine 1. st. pr. n. št. do začetka srednjeavgustejske dobe je bilo ozemlje Notranjske tesno povezano z vojaško-političnimi dogajanji na vzhodni meji Galije Cisalpine (po 42 pr. n. št. del Italije).110 Cezar je imel med opravljanjem dveh mandatov prokonzulske službe v Galiji Cisalpini in Iliriku med 59 in 49 pr. n. št. v Akvileji občasno svoj štab in se je gotovo zavedal strateškega pomena in nujnosti vojaškega nadzora nad čim večjim delom akvilejskega zaledja. To je bilo nujno zaradi varnosti italskih naseljencev in celotne Italije, zlasti ob pripravah na vojno proti dačanskemu kralju Burebisti111 in po vpadu Japodov do Tergesta in Akvileje 52 pr. n. št.112 Poleg naštetega je bilo širše območje ob koridorju Tergeste–Okra–Navport–Emona, ki je bilo v času Cezarja verjetno najvzhodnejši del Galije Cisalpine, večinoma poseljeno z Rimljanom sovražnimi Karni, Japodi in Tavriski.113 Po Cezarjevi smrti (44 pr. n. št.) je rimsko osvajalno politiko na tem ozemlju nadaljeval Oktavijan (poznejši cesar Avgust). Po njegovih vojnah v Iliriku med 35 108 109 110 111 112 113 Prim. Plaum 2001a; Plaum 2001b. Istenič 1997a, t. 2: 7–8; Plaum 2001b. Glej Šašel Kos 2000, 280–281; Zaccaria 2003, 313–315. Dobesch 1994; Šašel Kos 1997, 31. Šašel Kos 2000, 292. Šašel Kos 2000, 291, sl. 1; Šašel Kos 2005, 340–341, sl. 81. beginning of the Middle Augustan period (15 BC). he Roman stronghold at Nadleški hrib may have been from the same period. in 33 pr. n. št. je bilo najverjetneje ozemlje sedanje Notranjske z drugimi deli zahodne Slovenije in osrednjo Slovenijo ter Dolenjsko s Posavjem pod rimsko oblastjo. From the middle of the 1st century BC to the beginning of the Middle Augustan period, the territory of Notranjska was closely connected to the military and political afairs at the eastern border of the Cisalpine Gaul (part of Italy after 42 BC).110 During his two mandates as proconsul, governing the Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum between 59 and 49 BC, Julius Caesar had occasionally his headquarters stationed in Aquileia and was undoubtedly aware of its strategic importance and the necessity of military control over as much of its hinterland as possible. his was necessary for the safety of Italic settlers and the whole of Italy, particularly during preparations for the war against the Dacian king Burebista111 and after the incursion of the Iapodes to Tergeste and Aquileia in 52 BC.112 In addition, the wider area along the Tergeste–Ocra–Nauportus–Emona corridor, probably the easternmost part of the Cisalpine Gaul in Caesar’s times, was mostly populated by the hostile Carni, Iapodes and Taurisci.113 After Caesar’s death (44 BC), the Roman expansion policy in the area was continued by Octavianus (later Emperor Augustus). After his wars in Illyricum between 35 and 33 BC, the territory of the present-day Notranjska together with other parts of Western Slovenia, Central Slovenia and Dolenjska with Posavje most likely came under Roman rule. Vojaške najdbe avgustejske dobe in 1. stoletja nakazujejo navzočnost rimskih vojakov tudi po osvojitvi Notranjske. Zdi se, da je vojska uporabila stare utrjene naselbine na Ambroževem gradišču pri Slavini, Žerovniščku pri Bločicah in na Ulaki nad Starim trgom pri Ložu za občasno prebivanje posadk. Rimski vojaki so zgradili ali ponovno uporabili utrdbo na Nadleškem hribu. Domnevamo, da so sledovi rimske vojske iz avgustejske dobe povezani z nadzorom poti in zalednih območji osrednjih vojnih žarišč na Balkanskem polotoku, verjetno v času panonske vojne (14–8 pr. n. št.) ali panonsko-delmatskega upora (6–9 n. št.). Military inds from the Augustan period and the 1st century also indicate the presence of Roman soldiers after the conquest of Notranjska. he army seemed to have used old fortiied settlements at Ambroževo gradišče near Slavina, Žerovnišček near Bločice and Ulaka above Stari trg pri Ložu to occasional station its garrisons. Roman soldiers built or re-used the stronghold at Nadleški hrib. We assume the traces of Roman army from the Augustan period are associated with the control of the routes and the hinterlands of the major conlict zones in the Balkans, probably during the Bellum Pannonicum (14–8 BC) or the Great Illyrian Revolt (AD 6–9). Several inds indicate a Roman military presence in certain hill-top settlements in the Late Roman period. his is not at all surprising, because the sites of Ulaka above Stari trg pri Ložu, Kerin above Pivka, Sv. Primož above Raduhova vas, Gradišče at Čepna, Gradišče above Knežak, Gradišče above Gornja Košana and Ahac lie in the immediate hinterland of the Claustra Alpium Iuliarum. One of the alternative routes between Siscia and Aquileia during the turbulent period between the 4th and 6th centuries probably also led through Notranjska.114 110 111 112 113 114 See Šašel Kos 2000, 280–281; Zaccaria 2003, 313–315. Dobesch 1994; Šašel Kos 1997, 31. Šašel Kos 2000, 292. Šašel Kos 2000, 291, ig. 1; Šašel Kos 2005, 340–341, ig. 81. Ciglenečki 1985, 267–270. Več najdb nakazuje vojaško navzočnost na nekaterih višinskih naselbinah v pozni rimski dobi. To ni presenetljivo, saj najdišča Ulaka nad Starim trgom pri Ložu, Kerin nad Pivko, Primož nad Raduhovo vasjo, Gradišče na Čepni, Gradišče nad Knežakom, Gradišče nad Gornjo Košano in Ahac ležijo v neposrednem zaledju alpskih zapor. Prek Notranjske je verjetno vodila tudi ena od alternativnih povezav med Siscijo in Akvilejo v nemirnem času 4. do 6. stoletja.114 KATALOG Grad pri Šmihelu pod Nanosom Predmete hranita Park vojaške zgodovine v Pivki (t. 1: 1, 3–21) in Narodni muzej Slovenije (t. 1: 2, 22–28; sl. 12: 1–32). Ob objavi članka Laharnar 2011 smo poznali z najdišča 57 svinčenih izstrelkov za pračo115 (izbor je na t. 1: 14–28), pozneje smo dokumentirali še 32 izstrelkov (sl. 12: 1–32). Tabla 1. 1. Železna ost katapultnega izstrelka. Dol. 15,3 cm; teža 109,2 g. 2. Železna ost katapultnega izstrelka. Dol. 15,2 cm; teža 112 g. Inv. št. R24080. 3. Železna ost katapultnega izstrelka. Dol. 12,2 cm; teža 72,1 g. 4. Železna ost katapultnega izstrelka. Dol. 11,5 cm; teža 34,4 g. 5. Železna ost katapultnega izstrelka. Dol. 9,5 cm; teža 33,9 g. 6. Železna ost katapultnega izstrelka. Dol. 10 cm; teža 41,9 g. 7. Železna ost katapultnega izstrelka. Dol. 9,6 cm; teža 35,5 g. 8. Železna ost katapultnega izstrelka (?) / puščična ost (?). Dol. 7,5 cm; teža 23,9 g. 9. Železna ost katapultnega izstrelka (?) / puščična ost (?). Dol. 9,2 cm; teža 20 g. 10. Železna puščična ost. Dol. 6 cm; teža 11,5 g. 11. Železna puščična ost. Dol. 7,2 cm; teža 11,9 g. 12. Železna puščična ost. Dol. 7 cm; teža 8,5 g. 13. Železna puščična ost. Dol. 7 cm; teža 5,9 g. 14. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb, površina obdelana s tolčenjem. Dolž. 4,4 cm; teža 101,7 g. 15. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, dvojnopiramidaste oblike, večkotni presek, Völling III, površina obdelana s tolčenjem. Dol. 4,8 cm; teža 40,4 g. 114 115 Ciglenečki 1985, 267–270. Laharnar 2011, 363. 25 CATALOGUE Grad near Šmihel pod Nanosom he objects are kept by the Park of Military History, Pivka (pl. 1: 1, 3–21) and by the National Museum of Slovenia (pl. 1: 2, 22–28; ig. 12: 1–32). Upon the publication of Laharnar 2011, 57 lead slingshot were known from the site115 (a selection on pl. 1: 14–28); another 32 have been recorded since (ig. 12: 1–32). Plate 1. 1. Iron catapult-bolt. Length 15.3 cm; weight 109.2 g. 2. Iron catapult-bolt. Length 15.2 cm; weight 112 g. Inv. No. R24080. 3. Iron catapult-bolt. Length 12.2 cm; weight 72.1 g. 4. Iron catapult-bolt. Length 11.5 cm; weight 34.4 g. 5. Iron catapult-bolt. Length 9.5 cm; weight 33.9 g. 6. Iron catapult-bolt. Length 10 cm; weight 41.9 g. 7. Iron catapult-bolt. Length 9.6 cm; weight 35.5 g. 8. Iron catapult-bolt (?) / arrowhead (?). Length 7.5 cm; weight 23.9 g. 9. Iron catapult-bolt (?) / arrowhead (?). Length 9.2 cm; weight 20 g. 10. Iron arrowhead. Length 6 cm; weight 11.5 g. 11. Iron arrowhead. Length 7.2 cm; weight 11.9 g. 12. Iron arrowhead. Length 7 cm; weight 8.5 g. 13. Iron arrowhead. Length 7 cm; weight 5.9 g. 14. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb, surface is hammered. Length. 4.4 cm; weight 101.7 g. 15. Lead slingshot, double-pyramid shaped, multi-angular in section, Völling III, surface is hammered. Length 4.8 cm; weight 40.4 g. 16. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIa, surface is hammered. Length 4.8 cm; weight 54.1 g. 17. Lead slingshot, oval-shaped, Völling IIb, surface is hammered, one tip damaged. Length 4.1 cm; weight 61.2 g. 18. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb, surface is hammered. Length 3.5 cm; weight 45.1 g. 19. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb, surface is hammered. Length 3.6 cm; weight 32.9 g. 20. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIa, surface is hammered. Length 3.4 cm; weight 28.2 g. 21. Lead slingshot, Völling V, surface is hammered, a teardropshaped tip. Length 2.8 cm; weight 26.4 g. 22. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb, one tip bent, casting seam “wing” is hammered. Length 4.7 cm; weight 39.02 g. Inv. No. R 26876. 23. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, surface is hammered. One tip is not completed, poorly cast. Length 3.4 cm; weight 66 g. Inv. No. R 26871. 24. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIa. Length 3.7 cm; weight 47.10 g. Inv. No. R 26874. 25. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb. Length 3.7 cm; weight 52.33 g. Inv. No. R 26875. 26. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, surface is hammered. Length 3.7 cm; weight 50 g. Inv. No. R 26872. 27. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIa, one tip broken-of, the other one crumpled. Length 2.9 cm; weight 51.70 g. Inv. No. R 26873. 28. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb. Length 3.1 cm; weight 38.03 g. Inv. No. R 26877. 26 115 Laharnar 2011, 363. 16. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, vretenaste oblike, Völling IIa, površina obdelana s tolčenjem. Dol. 4,8 cm; teža 54,1 g. 17. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, ovalne oblike, Völling IIb, površina obdelana s tolčenjem, ena konica poškodovana. Dol. 4,1 cm; teža 61,2 g. 18. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb, površina obdelana s tolčenjem. Dol. 3,5 cm; teža 45,1 g. 19. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb, površina obdelana s tolčenjem. Dol. 3,6 cm; teža 32,9 g. 20. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, vretenaste oblike, Völling IIa, površina obdelana s tolčenjem. Dol. 3,4 cm; teža 28,2 g. 21. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, oblike Völling V, površina obdelana s tolčenjem, konica kapljičaste oblike. Dol. 2,8 cm; teža 26,4 g. 22. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb, ena konica zvita, potolčeno krilce livnega šiva. Dol. 4,7 cm; teža 39,02 g. Inv. št. R 26876. 23. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, vretenaste oblike. Površina obdelana s tolčenjem. Ena konica ni izdelana, slabo ulit. Dol. 3,4 cm; teža 66 g. Inv. št. R 26871. 24. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, vretenaste oblike, Völling IIa. Dol. 3,7 cm; teža 47,10 g. Inv. št. R 26874. 25. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb. Dol. 3,7 cm; teža 52,33 g. Inv. št. R 26875. 26. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, vretenaste oblike. Površina obdelana s tolčenjem. Dol. 3,7 cm; teža 50 g. Inv. št. R 26872. 27. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, vretenaste oblike, Völling IIa, ena konica odlomljena, druga zmečkana. Dol. 2,9 cm; teža 51,70 g. Inv. št. R 26873. 28. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb. Dol. 3,1 cm; teža 38,03 g. Inv. št. R 26877. Slika 12. 1. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo podolgovate dvojnopiramidaste oblike, Völling III. Dol. 5,1 cm; teža 47,62 g. Inv. št. R 26878. 2. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo dvojnopiramidaste oblike, Völling III. Dol. 3,1 cm; teža 22,11 g. Inv. št. R 26886. 3. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb. Dol. 3,6 cm, teža 50 g. Akc. št. 2013/61-5. 4. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb. Dol. 4,2 cm; teža 42 g. Inv. št. R 26899. 5. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo podolgovate dvojnopiramidaste oblike, Völling III. Ena konica zvita. Dol. 4,6 cm; teža 54,10 g. Inv. št. R 26887. 6. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo dvojnopiramidaste oblike, Völling III. Dol. 4,1 cm; teža 57,59 g. Inv. št. R 26888. 7. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIa. Dol. 3,4 cm; teža 44,31 g. Inv. št. R 26891. 8. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike. Po celotni površini obdelan s tolčenjem. Ena konica je topa (napaka pri ulivanju). Dol. 3,5 cm; teža 67,18 g. Inv. št. R 26890. 9. Poškodovan svinčeni izstrelek za pračo dvojnopiramidaste oblike, Völling III. Dol. 4,1 cm; teža 41,18 g. Inv. št. R 26892. 10. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo dvojnopiramidaste oblike, Völling III. Dol. 4,2 cm; teža 44 g. Akc. št. 2013/61-3. 11. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo dvojnopiramidaste oblike, Völling III. Ena od konic zvita. Dol. 3,5 cm; teža 33,36 g. Inv. št. R 26885. 12. Poškodovan (močno upognjen, manjka tretjina predmeta) svinčeni izstrelek za pračo dvojnopiramidaste oblike, Völling III. Dol. 3,9 cm; teža 31,32 g. Inv. št. R 26883. 13. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb. Dol. 3,3 cm, teža 42 g. Akc. št. 2013/61-11. 14. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIa. Dol. 4,8 cm; teža 64 g. Akc. št. 2013/61-1. Figure 12. 1. Lead slingshot, extended double-pyramid shaped, Völling III. Length 5.1 cm; weight 47.62 g. Inv. No. R 26878. 2. Lead slingshot, double-pyramid shaped, Völling III. Length 3.1 cm; weight 22.11 g. Inv. No. R 26886. 3. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb. Length 3.6 cm; weight 50 g. Acc. No. 2013/61-5. 4. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb. Length 4.2 cm; weight 42 g. Inv. No. R 26899. 5. Lead slingshot, extended double-pyramid shaped, Völling III. One tip is bent. Length 4.6 cm; weight 54.10 g. Inv. No. R 26887. 6. Lead slingshot, double-pyramid shaped, Völling III. Length 4.1 cm; weight 57.59 g. Inv. No. R 26888. 7. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIa. Length 3.4 cm; weight 44.31 g. Inv. No. R 26891. 8. Lead slingshot, spindle-like. he entire surface is hammered. One tip is blunt (casting imperfection). Length 3.5 cm; weight 67.18 g. Inv. No. R 26890. 9. Damaged lead slingshot, double-pyramid shaped, Völling III. Length 4.1 cm; weight 41.18 g. Inv. No. R 26892. 10. Lead slingshot, double-pyramid shaped, Völling III. Length 4,2 cm; weight 44 g. Acc. No. 2013/61-3. 11. Lead slingshot, double-pyramid shaped, Völling III. One tip is bent. Length 3.5 cm; weight 33.36 g. Inv. No. R 26885. 12. Damaged (severely bent, a third of the object is missing) lead slingshot, double-pyramid shape, Völling III. Length 3.9 cm; weight 31.32 g. Inv. no. R 26883. 13. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb. Length 3.3 cm; weight 42 g. Acc. No. 2013/61-11. 14. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIa. Length 4.8 cm; weight 64 g. Acc. No. 2013/61-1. 15. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIa. Length 3.6 cm; weight 47.80 g. Inv. no. R 26897. 16. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIa. Length 5 cm; weight 50 g. Acc. No. 2013/61-2. 17. Lead slingshot, double-pyramid shaped, Völling III. Length 3.5 cm; weight 39.66 g. Inv. no. R 26881. 18. Lead slingshot, double-pyramid shaped, Völling IIb. Length 4.1 cm; weight 42 g. Inv. no. R 26897. 19. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb. Length 3.3 cm; weight 37.19 g. Inv. no. R 26880. 20. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb. One tip is damaged. Length 3.9 cm; weight 54 g. Inv. no. R 26898. 21. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb. Length 3.4 cm; weight 42 g. Acc. No. 2013/61-7. 22. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb. Length 3.2 cm; weight 40 g. Acc. No. 2013/61-9. 23. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIa. Length 3.6 cm; weight 50.81 g. Inv. no. R 26889. 24. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb. Length 3.7 cm; weight 40 g. Acc. No. 2013/61-6. 25. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb. Length 3.4 cm; weight 40 g. Acc. No. 2013/61-8. 26. Lead slingshot, spindle-like with a depression (damaged or casting imperfection), Völling IIb. Length 3.1 cm; weight 35.40 g. Inv. no. R 26893. 27. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb. Length 3.6 cm; weight 40 g. Acc. No. 2013/61-4. 28. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb. Length 3.1 cm; weight 40 g. Acc. No. 2013/61-10. 29. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb. One tip is poorly cast, casting imperfection. Length 2.6 cm; weight 35.26 g. Inv. No. R 26896. 30. Lead slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb. Length 3 cm; weight 33.67 g. Inv. No. R 26895. 15. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIa. Dol. 3,6 cm; teža 47,80 g. Inv. št. R 26897. 16. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIa. Dol. 5 cm, teža 50 g. Akc. št. 2013/61-2. 17. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo dvojnopiramidaste oblike, Völling III. Dol. 3,5 cm; teža 39,66 g. Inv. št. R 26881. 18. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo dvojnopiramidaste oblike, Völling IIb. Dol. 4,1 cm; teža 42 g. Inv. št. R 26879. 19. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb. Dol. 3,3 cm; teža 37,19 g. Inv. št. R 26880. 20. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb. Ena od konic poškodovana. Dol. 3,9 cm; teža 54 g. Inv. št. R 26898. 21. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb. Dol. 3,4 cm, teža 42 g. Akc. št. 2013/61-7. 22. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb. Dol. 3,2 cm, teža 40 g. Akc. št. 2013/61-9. 23. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIa. Dol. 3,6 cm; teža 50,81 g. Inv. št. R 26889. 24. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb. Dol. 3,7 cm, teža 40 g. Akc. št. 2013/61-6. 25. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb. Dol. 3,4 cm, teža 40 g. Akc. št. 2013/61-8. 26. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike s poglobitvijo (poškodba ali napaka pri ulivanju), Völling IIb. Dol. 3,1 cm; teža 35,40 g. Inv. št. R 26893. Figure 12. Grad near Šmihel pod Nanosom. Lead slingshot (photo T. Lauko). Slika 12. Grad pri Šmihelu pod Nanosom. Svinčeni izstrelki za pračo (foto T. Lauko). 27 31. Lead slingshot, double-pyramid shaped, Völling III. A visible air bubble or a casting defect under one tip. Length 2.9 cm; weight 32.24 g. Inv. No. R 26894. 32. Lead slingshot, extended double-pyramid shaped, Völling III. Length 4.9 cm; weight 60.65 g. Inv. No. R 26882. Baba near Slavina he objects are kept by the National Museum of Slovenia. Plate 2. 1. Iron hobnail with a cone-like head. he underside has a tang, rectangular in section, with a cruciform pattern of ribs and protuberances between them. Diameter 1.8 cm. Inv. No. R 25170. 2. Fragment of a bronze conchoidal brooch; preserved head and part of the bow with three coil-like swellings. Length 2.9 cm. Inv. No. R 26575. 3. Bronze fragment of an Idrija type cup handle. Length 2.2 cm. Inv. No. P 19411. Figure 4. 31 lead slingshot (publication: Laharnar 2011, 364). Stari grad above Unec he objects are kept by the National Museum of Slovenia. Plate 2. 4. Brass Alesia group brooch, Demetz Variant Ic. Length 5.2 cm. Inv. No. R 17281 (publication: Istenič 1997b, pl. 6: 7; Istenič 2005b, 206, pl. 1: 4). 5. Bronze Alesia group brooch, Demetz Variant Ic. Length 6.8 cm. Inv. No. P 19283 (publication: Istenič 2005b, 206, pl. 1: 6). 6. Brass Alesia group brooch, Demetz Variant Ia3. Length 7.5 cm. Inv. No. P 19282 (publication: Istenič 2005b, 205–206, pl. 1: 2). 7. Brass Alesia group brooch, Demetz Variant IIc; iron pivot. Length 3.9 cm. Inv. No. P 19946. 8. Bronze Alesia group brooch, Demetz Variant IIc with a bow with an oval expansion; two holes on the expansion. Decorated with tiny incisions. he pin is missing. Length 6.1 cm. Inv. No. R 25132 (publication: Istenič 2005b, 208, pl. 1: 13). 9. Bronze Alesia group brooch, Demetz Variant IIe with a concavely expanded bow. Length 4.2 cm. Inv. No. R 17677. 10. Iron hobnail with a semi-globular head and a tang, square in section. he underside contains a cruciform pattern of ribs and protuberances between them. Diameter 1.9 cm; Length 1.5 cm. Inv. No. R 25140. 11. Iron hobnail with a cone-like head and a tang, square in section. he underside contains a cruciform pattern of ribs and protuberances between them. Diameter 1.9 cm; Length 1.5 cm. Inv. No. R 25141. 12. Iron hobnail with a semi-globular head and a tang, square in section. he underside contains a cruciform pattern of ribs and protuberances between them. Diameter 1.4 cm; Length 1.5 cm. Inv. No. R 25142. 13. Bronze button and loop fastener, decorated with incised concentric circles and a depression. Diameter 1.3 cm. Inv. No. R 17746. Figure 6. 43 lead slingshot (publication: Laharnar 2011, 365–366). 28 27. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb. Dol. 3,6 cm, teža 40 g. Akc. št. 2013/61-4. 28. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb. Dol. 3,1 cm, teža 40 g. Akc. št. 2013/61-10. 29. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb. Ena od konic slabo ulita, viden zračni žep ali lunker. Dol. 2,6 cm; teža 35,26 g. Inv. št. R 26896. 30. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb. Dol. 3 cm; teža 33,67 g. Inv. št. R 26895. 31. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo dvojnopiramidaste oblike, Völling III. Pod eno od konic viden zračni žep ali lunker. Dol. 2,9 cm; teža 32,24 g. Inv. št. R 26894. 32. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo podolgovate dvojnopiramidaste oblike, Völling III. Dol. 4,9 cm; teža 60,65 g. Inv. št. R 26882. Baba pri Slavini Predmete hrani Narodni muzej Slovenije. Tabla 2. 1. Železni žebljiček za čevlje s stožčasto glavico. Na spodnji strani trn pravokotnega preseka in štiri križno postavljena rebra z bunčico v medprostorih. Pr. 1,8 cm. Inv. št. R 25170. 2. Odlomek bronaste školjčne ibule; ohranjena glava in del loka s tremi svitkastimi odebelitvami. Dol. 2,9 cm. Inv. št. R 26575. 3. Bronasti odlomek ročaja čaše vrste Idrija. Dol. 2,2 cm. Inv. št. P 19411. Slika 4. 31 svinčenih izstrelkov za pračo (objava: Laharnar 2011, 364). Stari grad nad Uncem Predmete hrani Narodni muzej Slovenije. Tabla 2. 4. Medeninasta ibula vrste Alezija Ic po Demetzu. Dol. 5,2 cm. Inv. št. R 17281 (objava: Istenič 1997b, t. 6: 7; Istenič 2005b, 206, t. 1: 4). 5. Bronasta ibula vrste Alezija Ic po Demetzu. Dol. 6,8 cm. Inv. št. P 19283 (objava: Istenič 2005b, 206, t. 1: 6). 6. Medeninasta ibula vrste Alezija Ia3 po Demetzu. Dol. 7,5 cm. Inv. št. P 19282 (objava: Istenič 2005b, 205–206, t. 1: 2). 7. Medeninasta ibula vrste Alezija IIc po Demetzu; os tečaja železna. Dol. 3,9 cm. Inv. št. P 19946. 8. Bronasta ibula vrste Alezija IIc po Demetzu z ovalno razširjenim lokom; na razširitvi dve luknjici. Okrašena z drobnimi vrezi. Igla ni ohranjena. Dol. 6,1 cm. Inv. št. R 25132 (objava: Istenič 2005b, 208, t. 1: 13). 9. Bronasta ibula vrste Alezija IIe po Demetzu s kalotasto razširjenim lokom. Dol. 4,2 cm. Inv. št. R 17677. 10. Železni žebljiček za čevlje s polkroglasto glavico in trnom kvadratnega preseka. Na spodnji strani štiri križno postavljena rebra z bunčico v medprostorih. Pr. 1,9 cm; dol. 1,5 cm. Inv. št. R 25140. 11. Železni žebljiček za čevlje s stožčasto glavico in trnom kvadratnega preseka. Na spodnji strani štiri križno postavljena rebra z bunčico v medprostorih. Pr. 1,9 cm; dol. 1,5 cm. Inv. št. R 25141. 12. Železni žebljiček za čevlje s polkrožno glavico in trnom kvadratnega preseka. Na spodnji strani štiri križno postavljena rebra z bunčico v medprostorih. Pr. 1,4 cm; dol. 1,5 cm. Inv. št. R 25142. 13. Bronasti gumb z enojno zanko, okrašen z vrezanimi koncentričnimi krožci in vdolbinico. Pr. 1,3 cm. Inv. št. R 17746. Žerovnišček near Bločice he objects are kept by the National Museum of Slovenia (pl. 2: 14–19, 21, 23–24) and the Notranjska Museum Postojna (pl. 2: 20, 22). Plate 2. 14. Iron slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIa. Length 4.6 cm. Inv. No. P 19648 (publication: Laharnar 2009, 141, pl. 5: 5). 15. Iron slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb. Length 4.4 cm. Inv. No. s. n. (publication: Laharnar 2009, 141, pl. 5: 6). 16. Two-part hinged buckle with a D-shaped bow, a tang and a rectangular itting made of a folded brass sheath. he buckle is riveted with two brass ferrules. A tiny hole at the back of the itting suggests that it was fastened to the surface (probably a leather strap) with a rivet (nail). he itting is decorated with three groups of double vertical incisions and with six incisions on the folded part by the tang. Length 2.7 cm. Inv. No. R 18456 (publication: Laharnar 2009, 141, pl. 5: 9). 17. Iron hobnail with a cone-like head. he underside contains a cruciform pattern of ribs and protuberances between them. he tang, square in section, is bent. Diameter of the head 2 cm. Inv. No. R 18460 (publication: Laharnar 2009, 141, t. 5: 10). 18. Iron hobnail with a semi-globular head. he underside contains a cruciform pattern of ribs and protuberances between them. he tang, square in section, is bent. Diameter of the head 1.7 cm. Inv. No. R 18472 (publication: Laharnar 2009, 141, pl. 5: 11). 19 Iron hobnail with a semi-globular head. he underside contains a cruciform pattern of ribs and protuberances between them. he tang, square in section, is bent. Diameter of the head 1.6. Inv. No. R 18473 (publication: Laharnar 2009, 141, pl. 5: 12). 20. Iron hobnail with a cone-like faceted head. he underside contains a cruciform pattern of ribs and protuberances between them. he tang is square in section. Diameter of the head 2 cm. NMP (publication: Laharnar 2009, 141, pl. 5: 14). 21. Iron hobnail with a cone-like faceted head. he underside contains a cruciform pattern of ribs and protuberances between them. he tang, square in section, is bent. Diameter of the head 1.6 cm. Inv. No. R 18461 (publication: Laharnar 2009, 141, pl. 5: 13). 22. Damaged iron hobnail with a semi-globular head and seven circularly positioned protuberances on the underside. he tang, square in section, is bent. Diameter of the head 1.6 cm. NMP (publication: Laharnar 2009, 141, pl. 5: 15). 23. Damaged iron hobnail with a cone-like head. he underside contains a cruciform pattern of ribs. he tang, square in section, is bent. Diameter of the head 1.9 cm. Inv. No. R 18474 (publication: Laharnar 2009, 141, pl. 5: 16). 24. Iron hobnail with a semi-globular head and a tang, square in section. Diameter of the head 1.7 cm. Inv. No. R 18475 (publication: Laharnar 2009, 141, pl. 5: 17). Ulaka above Stari trg pri Ložu he objects are kept by the National Museum of Slovenia (ig. 8, 13; pl. 3: 1–14). Upon the publication of Laharnar 2011, 21 lead slingshot were known from the site (ig. 8); another 5 have been recorded since (ig. 13). Plate 3. 1. Brass Alesia group brooch, Demetz Variant IIa. On the right side of the tubiform hinge, a side button survives; the pivot is iron. Length 5.3 cm. Inv. No. R 17319 (publication: Istenič 2005b, 207, pl. 1:10). Slika 6. 43 svinčenih izstrelkov za pračo (objava: Laharnar 2011, 365–366). Žerovnišček pri Bločicah Predmete hranita Narodni muzej Slovenije (t. 2: 14–19, 21, 23– 24) in Notranjski muzej Postojna (t. 2: 20, 22). Tabla 2. 14. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIa. Dol. 4,6 cm. Inv. št. P 19648 (objava: Laharnar 2009, 141, t. 5: 5). 15. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb. Dol. 4,4 cm. Inv. št. s. n. (objava: Laharnar 2009, 141, t. 5: 6). 16. Dvodelna sponka z lokom D-oblike, trnom in pravokotnim okovom iz zapognjene medeninaste pločevine. Sponka zakovana z dvema medeninastima kapicama. Luknjica v zadnjem delu okova kaže, da je bil na podlago (najverjetneje usnjeni jermen) pritrjen z zakovico (žebljičkom). Okov okrašen s tremi skupinami dvojnih navpičnih vrezov ter šestimi vrezi na zapognjenem delu ob trnu. Dol. 2,7 cm. Inv. št. R 18456 (objava: Laharnar 2009, 141, t. 5: 9). 17. Železni žebljiček za čevlje s stožčasto glavico. Na spodnji strani kapice štiri križno postavljena rebra z bunčico v medprostorih. Trn kvadratnega preseka upognjen. Pr. glavice 2 cm. Inv. št. R 18460 (objava: Laharnar 2009, 141, t. 5: 10). 18. Železni žebljiček za čevlje s polkroglasto glavico. Na spodnji strani kapice štiri križno postavljena rebra z bunčico v medprostorih. Trn kvadratnega preseka upognjen. Pr. glavice 1,7 cm. Inv. št. R 18472 (objava: Laharnar 2009, 141, t. 5: 11). 19. Železni žebljiček za čevlje s polkroglasto glavico. Na spodnji strani štiri križno postavljena rebra z bunčico v medprostorih. Trn kvadratnega preseka upognjen. Pr. glavice 1,6. Inv. št. R 18473 (objava: Laharnar 2009, 141, t. 5: 12). 20. Železni žebljiček za čevlje s stožčasto fasetirano glavico. Na spodnji strani štiri križno postavljena rebra z bunčico v medprostorih. Trn kvadratnega preseka. Pr. glavice 2 cm. NMP (objava: Laharnar 2009, 141, t. 5: 14). 21. Železni žebljiček za čevlje s stožčasto fasetirano glavico. Na spodnji strani štiri križno postavljena rebra z bunčico v medprostorih. Trn kvadratnega preseka upognjen. Pr. glavice 1,6 cm. Inv. št. R 18461 (objava: Laharnar 2009, 141, t. 5: 13). 22. Poškodovan železni žebljiček za čevlje s polkroglasto glavico in sedmimi krožno razporejenimi bunčicami na spodnji strani kapice. Trn kvadratnega preseka in upognjen. Pr. glavice 1,6 cm. NMP (objava: Laharnar 2009, 141, t. 5: 15). 23. Poškodovan železni žebljiček za čevlje s stožčasto glavico. Na spodnji strani štiri križno postavljena rebra. Trn kvadratnega preseka upognjen. Pr. glavice 1,9 cm. Inv. št. R 18474 (objava: Laharnar 2009, 141, t. 5: 16). 24. Železni žebljiček za čevlje s polkroglasto glavico in trnom kvadratnega preseka. Pr. glavice 1,7 cm. Inv. št. R 18475 (objava: Laharnar 2009, 141, t. 5: 17). Ulaka nad Starim trgom pri Ložu Predmete hrani Narodni muzej Slovenije (sl. 8, 13; t. 3: 1–14). Ob objavi članka Laharnar 2011 smo z najdišča poznali 21 svinčenih izstrelkov za pračo (sl. 8), pozneje smo evidentirali še 5 izstrelkov (sl. 13). Tabla 3. 1. Medeninasta ibula vrste Alezija IIa po Demetzu. Na desni strani cevastega tečaja ohranjen stranski gumb, os železna. 29 2. Bronze button and loop fastener. Diameter 1.4 cm. Inv. No. R 18453. 3. Iron peg, rectangular in section; the upper part contains a loop, through which a ring is passed, and a lat globular terminal. Length 19.2 cm. Inv. No. R 18514. 4. Bronze harness pendant, Bishop Type 3. Length 6.3 cm; width 5.2 cm. Inv. No. R 17311. 5. Bronze harness pendant, Bishop Type 3, decorated with tiny incisions. Upper surface probably tinned (?). Length 4.55 cm; width 2.7 cm. Inv. No. R 17314. 6. Bronze harness pendant, Bishop Type 5. Length 3.5 cm; width 2.9 cm. Inv. No. R 18001. 7. Bronze buckle loop. A trace of an iron tang is visible at the seam between the “wings”. Singed. Length 3.5 cm. Inv. No. P 12752. 8. Bronze peltate strap mount with two cylindrical tangs with an expanded cap-shaped fastener. Singed. Length 3.5 cm. Inv. No. P 12754. 9. Bronze button with two cylindrical tangs with an expanded cap-shaped fastener. Singed. Diameter 2.5 cm. Inv. No. P 12756. 10. Bronze button with a cylindrical tang with an expanded capshaped fastener, decorated with two embossed concentric circles and a punched dot. Singed. Diameter 3.6 cm. Inv. No. P 12753. 11. Bronze double button. he upper, larger button is decorated with punched circles, dots and groups of small triangles. Upper button diameter 3.3 cm, lower button diameter 2.7 cm. Inv. No. R 17310. 12. Bronze double button. Upper button diameter 3.3 cm, lower button diameter 2.9 cm. Inv. No. R 17315. 13. Bronze propeller-stifener. Length 2.4 cm. Inv. No. R 17842. 14. Fragment (upper part) of a bronze amphora-shaped strap terminal. Height 2.8 cm. Inv. No. R 17841. Figure 8. 21 lead slingshot (publication: Laharnar 2011, 348–349). 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Slika 8. 21 svinčenih izstrelkov za pračo (objava: Laharnar 2011, 348–349). Slika 13. 1. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike. Polizdelek (?), ohranjena krilca livnega šiva, konici neizdelani. Dol. 5,4 cm; teža 109,95 g. Akc. št. 2013/58-1. 2. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike. Manjka približno tretjina predmeta (posledica nepopolnega ulivanja). Dol. 4,4 cm; teža 99,97 g. Akc. št. 2013/58-2. 3. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb. Dol. 4,8 cm; teža 80,69 g. Akc. št. 2013/58-5. 4. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb. Dol. 4,3 cm; teža 81,07 g. Akc. št. 2013/58-3. 5. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb. Dol. 3,9 cm; teža 70,78 g. Akc. št. 2013/58-4. Figure 13. Ulaka. Lead slingshot (photo Đ. Todorović). Slika 13. Ulaka. Svinčeni izstrelki za pračo (foto Đ. Todorović). 30 2. 3. Dol. 5,3 cm. Inv. št. R 17319 (objava: Istenič 2005b, 207, t. 1:10). Bronasti gumb z enojno zanko. Pr. 1,4 cm. Inv. št. R 18453. Železni klin pravokotnega preseka; na zgornjem koncu luknja z vdetim obročem in ploščat gumbasti zaključek. Dol. 19,2 cm. Inv. št. R 18514. Bronasti obesek konjske opreme 3. vrste po Bishopu. Dol. 6,3 cm; šir. 5,2 cm. Inv. št. R 17311. Bronasti obesek konjske opreme 3. vrste po Bishopu, okrašen z drobnimi vrezi. Zgornja površina verjetno kositrena (?). Dol. 4,55 cm; šir. 2,7 cm. Inv. št. R 17314. Bronasti obesek konjske opreme 5. vrste po Bishopu. Dol. 3,5 cm; šir. 2,9 cm. Inv. št. R 18001. Bronasta dvokrilna pasna spona. Na stiku med krilcema ohranjena sled železnega trna. Ožgana. Dol. 3,5 cm. Inv. št. P 12752. Bronasti okov peltaste oblike z valjastima trnoma s kapičasto razširitvijo za zapenjanje. Ožgana. Dol. 3,5 cm. Inv. št. P 12754. Bronasti gumb z valjastima trnoma s kapičasto razširitvijo za zapenjanje. Ožgan. Pr. 2,5 cm. Inv. št. P 12756. Bronasti gumb z valjastim trnom s kapičasto razširitvijo za zapenjanje, okrašen s proiliranima koncentričnima krogoma in puncirano piko. Ožgan. Pr. 3.6 cm. Inv. št. P 12753. Bronasti dvojni gumb. Zgornji, večji gumb okrašen s punciranimi krožci, pikami in skupinami majhnih trikotnikov. Zgornji gumb pr. 3,3 cm, spodnji gumb pr. 2,7 cm. Inv. št. R 17310. Bronasti dvojni gumb. Zgornji gumb pr. 3,3 cm, spodnji gumb pr. 2,9 cm. Inv. št. R 17315. Bronasti krilati okov. Dol. 2,4 cm. Inv. št. R 17842. Odlomek (zgornji del) bronastega jermenskega zaključka amforaste oblike. Viš. 2,8 cm. Inv. št. R 17841. Figure 13. 1. Iron slingshot, spindle-like. Uninished product (?), with preserved “wings” of the casting seam, the tips are not completed. Length 5.4 cm; weight 109.95 g. Acc. No. 2013/58-1. 2. Iron slingshot, spindle-like. About a third of the object is missing (due to imperfect casting). Length 4.4 cm; weight 99.97 g. Acc. No. 2013/58-2. 3. Iron slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb. Length 4.8 cm; weight 80.69 g. Acc. No. 2013/58-5. 4 Iron slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb. Length 4.3 cm; weight 81.07 g. Acc. No. 2013/58-3. 5. Iron slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb. Length 3.9 cm; weight 70.78 g. Acc. No. 2013/58-4. Nadleški hrib Predmete hrani Narodni muzej Slovenije. Tabla 3. 15. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb. Dol. 4,55 cm; teža 87,67 g. Inv. št. R 18660 (objava: Laharnar 2011, 367). 16. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIa. Dol. 3,8 cm; teža 96,09 g. Inv. št. R 18661 (objava: Laharnar 2011, 367). 17. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo vretenaste oblike, Völling IIb . Konici potolčeni. Dol. 3,8 cm; teža 41,57 g. Inv. št. R 18662 (objava: Laharnar 2011, 367). 18. Železno šilo z zanko. Dol. 11,3 cm. Inv. št. R 18753. Nadleški hrib he objects are kept by the National Museum of Slovenia. Plate 3. 15. Iron slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb. Length 4.55 cm; weight 87.67 g. Inv. No. R 18660 (publication: Laharnar 2011, 367). 16. Iron slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIa. Length 3.8 cm; weight 96.09 g. Inv. No. R 18661 (publication: Laharnar 2011, 367). 17. Iron slingshot, spindle-like, Völling IIb. he tips are hammered. Length 3.8 cm; weight 41.57 g. Inv. No. R 18662 (publication: Laharnar 2011, 367). 18. Iron awl with a loop. Length 11.3 cm. Inv. No. R 18753. Ambroževo gradišče near Slavina he objects are kept by the National Museum of Slovenia. Upon the publication of Laharnar 2011, 20 lead slingshot were known from the site (ig. 10; pl. 4: 1–3), another 6 have been recorded since (ig. 14: 1–6). Plate 3. 19. Bronze fragment of the hilt guard of a Mainz Type gladius. he underside is decorated with tiny punched semicircles, which stand out from the surface on the upper side. Length 4.7 cm. Inv. No. R 25152. 20. Bronze itting of lorica segmentata, three fastening holes, a duck-head shaped loop. Length 5.9 cm. Inv. No. R 25153. 21. Bronze fragment of a net-like (sword or dagger) scabbard itting. Length 1.88 cm. Inv. No. R 25157. 22. Bronze harness pendant, with the loop and a part of its iron pivot surviving. Length 7.9 cm. Inv. No. R 25146. Ambroževo gradišče pri Slavini Predmete hrani Narodni muzej Slovenije. Ob objavi članka Laharnar 2011 smo poznali z najdišča 20 svinčenih izstrelkov za pračo (sl. 10; t. 4: 1–3), pozneje smo dokumentirali še 6 izstrelkov (sl. 14: 1–6). Tabla 3. 19. Bronast odlomek branika ročaja meča (gladija) vrste Mainz. Na spodnji strani punciran okras majhnih polkrogov, ki na zgornji strani izstopajo iz površine. Dol. 4,7 cm. Inv. št. R 25152. 20. Bronasti zankasti okov sestavljenega oklepa (lorica segmentata), tri luknjice za pritrditev, zanka v obliki račje glavice. Dol. 5,9 cm. Inv. št. R 25153. 21. Bronasti odlomek mrežastega okova nožnice meča/bodala. Dol. 1,88 cm. Inv. št. R 25157. 22. Bronasti obesek konjske opreme, ohranjena zanka in del železne osti tečaja. Dol. 7,9 cm. Inv. št. R 25146. Tabla 4. 1. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, vretenaste oblike. Konica neizdelana, izrazita krilca livnega šiva, polizdelek. Dol. 5,4 cm; teža 90,11 g. Inv. št. R 17358. 2. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, vretenaste oblike, konica neizdelana, polizdelek. Dol. 5,4 cm. Teža 76,83 g. Inv. št. R 17359. 3. Sploščen svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, Völling IV. Dol. 5,8 cm; teža 108,75 g. Inv. št. R 25161. Slika 10. 20 svinčenih izstrelkov za pračo (objava: Laharnar 2011, 346– 347). Figure 14. Ambroževo gradišče. Lead slingshot (photo Đ. Todorović). Slika 14. Ambroževo gradišče. Svinčeni izstrelki za pračo (foto Đ. Todorović). Plate 4. 1. Iron slingshot, spindle-like. One tip not completed, pronounced “wings” of the casting seam, uninished product. Length 5.4 cm; weight 90.11 g. Inv. No. R 17358. 2. Iron slingshot, spindle-like, one tip not completed, uninished product. Length 5.4 cm. Weight 76.83 g. Inv. No. R 17359. 3. Flattened iron slingshot, Völling IV. Length 5.8 cm; weight 108.75 g. Inv. No. R 25161. Figure 10. 20 lead slingshot (publication: Laharnar 2011, 346–347). Figure 14. 1. Iron slingshot, spindle-like, Völling weight 82 g. Inv. No. R 26578. 2. Iron slingshot, spindle-like, Völling weight 76 g. Inv. No. R 26579. 3. Iron slingshot, spindle-like, Völling weight 76 g. Inv. No. R 26580. 4. Iron slingshot, spindle-like, Völling weight 74 g. Inv. No. R 26581. 5. Iron slingshot, spindle-like, Völling weight 82.53 g. Acc. No. 2013/59-1. 6. Iron slingshot, spindle-like, Völling weight 73.14 g. Acc. No. 2013/59-2. IIb. Length 4.8 cm; IIb. Length 4.5 cm; IIb. Length 4.2 cm; IIb. Length 4.1 cm; IIb. Length 4.4 cm; IIb. Length 4.1 cm; Slika 14. 1. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, vretenaste oblike, Dol. 4,8 cm; teža 82 g. Inv. št. R 26578. 2. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, vretenaste oblike, Dol. 4,5 cm; teža 76 g. Inv. št. R 26579. 3. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, vretenaste oblike, Dol. 4,2 cm; teža 76 g. Inv. št. R 26580. 4. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, vretenaste oblike, Dol. 4,1 cm; teža 74 g. Inv. št. R 26581. 5. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, vretenaste oblike, Dol. 4,4 cm; teža 82,53 g. Akc. št. 2013/59-1. 6. Svinčeni izstrelek za pračo, vretenaste oblike, Dol. 4,1 cm; teža 73,14 g. Akc. št. 2013/59-2. Völling IIb. Völling IIb. Völling IIb. Völling IIb. Völling IIb. Völling IIb. Gradišče na Čepni he objects are kept by the National Museum of Slovenia. Gradišče na Čepni Predmete hrani Narodni muzej Slovenije. Plate 4. 4. Iron (catapult) projectile (or a javelin?) with a tip, triangular in section. Length 13.5 cm; weight 78.41 g. Inv. No. R 1588. Tabla 4. 4. Železni izstrelek mehanskega orožja (ali kopje ?) s konico trikotnega preseka. Dol. 13,5 cm; teža 78,41 g. Inv. št. R 1588. 31 32 5. Lobed iron arrowhead, rhomboid in section, (a javelin?); the socket is made from a forged folded sheath; a fastening nail is preserved. Length 10.5 cm. Inv. No. R 1589. 6. Iron arrowhead with a deltoid-shaped blade, lattened rhomboid in section; the socket is made from a forged folded sheath. Length 8.5 cm. Inv. No. R 1590. 7. Bronze button and loop fastener with a double loop. Diameter 2.2 cm. Inv. No. P 19350. 8. Bronze amphora-shaped strap terminal. Length 5 cm. Inv. No. R 1660. 9. Bronze double button. Upper button diameter 1.7 cm, lower button diameter 1.4 cm. Inv. No. P 20554a. 10. Bronze double button. Upper button diameter 1.5 cm, lower button diameter 1 cm. Inv. No. P 20554b. 11. Bronze double button. Both buttons 2.2 cm in diameter. Inv. No. R 1688. 12. Bronze double button. Upper button diameter 1.2 cm, lower button diameter 1 cm. Inv. No. P 19988. 5. Železna ost rombičnega preseka s krilci (kopje ?); tul iz zapognjene razkovane pločevine, ohranjen pričvrstitveni žebelj. Dol. 10,5 cm. Inv. št. R 1589. 6. Železna puščična konica z listom deltaste oblike in sploščenim rombičnim presekom; tul iz zapognjene razkovane pločevine. Dol. 8,5 cm. Inv. št. R 1590. 7. Bronasti gumb z dvojnim ušescem. Pr. 2,2 cm. Inv. št. P 19350. 8. Bronasti jermenski zaključek amforaste oblike. Dol. 5 cm. Inv. št. R 1660. 9. Bronasti dvojni gumb. Pr. zgornjega gumba 1,7 cm, pr. spodnjega gumba 1,4 cm. Inv. št. P 20554a. 10. Bronasti dvojni gumb. Pr. zgornjega gumba 1,5 cm, pr. spodnjega gumba 1 cm. Inv. št. P 20554b. 11. Bronasti dvojni gumb. Pr. obeh gumbov 2,2 cm. Inv. št. R 1688. 12. Bronasti dvojni gumb. Zgornji gumb pr. 1,2 cm, spodnji gumb pr. 1 cm. Inv. št. P 19988. Gradišče above Knežak he objects are kept by the National Museum of Slovenia. Gradišče nad Knežakom Predmete hrani Narodni muzej Slovenije. Plate 4. 13. Belt buckle plate, made from a folded bronze sheath, with four holes for rivets; the holes are bordered with incised concentric circles. Length 4.4 cm. Inv. No. R 18120. 14. Bronze itting with two cylindrical tangs with an expanded cap-shaped fastener. Length 5.3 cm. Inv. No. R 17374. 15. Fragment of a rectangular bronze openwork belt-itting; the surviving part contains a hole. Length 6.4 cm. Inv. No. R 18652. 16. Bronze button and loop fastener with a single triangularshaped loop; an open bronze ring hangs from the loop. Length 3.2 cm. Inv. No. R 18653. Tabla 4. 13. Okov pasne spone, izdelan iz zapognjene bronaste pločevine s štirimi luknjicami za zakovice; okrog luknjic vrezani koncentrični krožci. Dol. 4,4 cm. Inv. št. R 18120. 14. Bronasti okov z dvema valjastima trnoma s kapičasto razširitvijo za zapenjanje. Dol. 5,3 cm. Inv. št. R 17374. 15. Odlomek pravokotnega bronastega pasnega okova, izdelanega v predrti tehniki; na ohranjenem koncu luknjica. Dol. 6,4 cm. Inv. št. R 18652. 16. Bronasti gumb z enojno zanko trikotne oblike; na zanko obešen nesklenjen bronasti obroček. Dol. 3,2 cm. Inv. št. R 18653. Kerin above Pivka he object is kept by the National Museum of Slovenia. Kerin nad Pivko Predmet hrani Narodni muzej Slovenije. Plate 4. 17. Fragment of a bronze propeller-stifener; decorated with punched circles and dots. Length 2.5 cm. Inv. No. R 18582. Tabla 4. 17. Odlomek bronastega krilatega okova; okrašen s punciranimi krožci in pikami. Dol. 2,5 cm. Inv. št. R 18582. Sv. Primož above Raduhova vas he objects are kept by the National Museum of Slovenia. Sv. Primož nad Raduhovo vasjo Predmete hrani Narodni muzej Slovenije. Figure 15. 1. Bronze propeller-stifener. Decorated with incised concentric circles in the middle and a series of dots along the edges. Each “wing” contains two holes. Length 4.6 cm. Inv. No. R 17278 (publication: Istenič 1997a, t. 2: 7; Plaum 2001b). 2. Bronze propeller-stifener with three fastening holes. he central part is decorated with two incised circles; globular terminals and incised decoration in the corners of the wings. Length 4.4 cm. Inv. No. R 17839 (publication: Plaum 2001b). 3. Oblong bronze belt-itting, decorated with wedge incisions. Two trapeze-shaped plates with a fastening hole. Length 7.5 cm. Inv. No. R 17277 (publication: Istenič 1997a, t. 2: 8; Plaum 2001b). 4. Bronze belt-itting, triangular shape, decorated with wedge incisions. Rivet holes in the corners. Length 7.1 cm. Inv. No. R 17295 (publication: Plaum 2001b). Slika 15. 1. Bronasti krilati pasni okov. Na sredini okrašen z vrezanimi koncentričnimi krogi in nizom pik ob robu. Na vsakem krilu dve luknjici. Dol. 4,6 cm. Inv. št. R 17278 (objava: Istenič 1997a, t. 2: 7; Plaum 2001b). 2. Bronasti krilati pasni okov s tremi luknjicami za pritrditev. Osrednji del okrašen z dvema vrezanima krožnicama; na vogalih krilc kroglasti zaključki in vrezan okras. Dol. 4,4 cm. Inv. št. R 17839 (objava: Plaum 2001b). 3. Podolgovat bronasti pasni okov, okrašen v tehniki klinastega vreza. Ploščici trapezaste oblike z luknjico za pritrditev. Dol. 7,5 cm. Inv. št. R 17277 (objava: Istenič 1997a, t. 2: 8; Plaum 2001b). 4. Bronasti okov pasne garniture, trikotne oblike, okrašen s klinastim vrezom. Na vogalih luknjice za zakovico. Dol. 7,1 cm. Inv. št. R 17295 (objava: Plaum 2001b). Figure 15. Sv. Primož above Raduhova vas. Beltittings. (ater Plaum 2001b; photo T. Lauko). Slika 15. Sv. Primož nad Raduhovo vasjo. Okovi pasne garniture (po Plaum 2001b; foto T. Lauko). Gradišče nad Gornjo Košano he objects are kept by the National Museum of Slovenia. Gradišče nad Gornjo Košano Predmeta hrani Narodni muzej Slovenije. Plate 4. 18. Bronze itting in the shape of a double trapeze. he underside has a bent tang, circular in section. Length 4.3 cm. Inv. No. R 17279. 19. Bronze double button. Upper button diameter 2.3 cm, lower button diameter 1.2 cm. Inv. No. R 18596. Tabla 4. 18. Bronasti okov v obliki dvojnega trapeza. Na hrbtni strani upognjen trn okroglega preseka. Dol. 4,3 cm. Inv. št. R 17279. 19. Bronasti dvojni gumb. Zgornji gumb pr. 2,3 cm, spodnji gumb pr. 1,2 cm. Inv. št. R 18596. Ahac he object is kept by the National Museum of Slovenia. Ahac Predmet hrani Narodni muzej Slovenije. Plate 4. 20. Damaged bronze button, decorated with an embossed circle and a punched dot, with a cylindrical tang with an expanded cap-like fastener. Diameter 3.05 cm. Inv. no. R 18599. Tabla 4. 20. Poškodovan bronasti gumb, okrašen s proilirano krožnico in puncirano piko ter valjastim trnom s kapičasto razširitvijo za zapenjanje. Pr. 3,05 cm. Inv. št. R 18599. Translation: Katarina Jerin Language editing: Terry Troy Jackson BIBLIOGRAPHY / LITERATURA ANSl 1975: Arheološka najdišča Slovenije. – Ljubljana. BISHOP, M. C. 1988, Cavalry equipment of the Roman army in the irst century A. D. – In/V: J. C. Coulston (ur./ed.), Military Equipment and the Identity of Roman Soldiers, Proceedings of the Fourth Roman Military Equipment Conference, BAR International Series 394, Oxford, 67–195. BISHOP, M. C. 2002, Lorica segmentata 1. A handbook of articulated Roman plate armour. – Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies Monograph 1, Duns. BISHOP, M. C., COULSTON, J. C. N. 2006, Roman Military Equipment. From the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome. – Oxford. BOŽIČ, D. 2011, Prazgodovinske najdbe s Tonovcovega gradu in železnodobna kultna mesta v Posočju / Prehistoric inds from Tonovcov grad and Iron Age cult places in the Posočje area. – 33 In/V: Z. Modrijan, T. Milavec, Poznoantična utrjena naselbina Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu, Najdbe / Late Antique fortiied settlement Tonovcov grad near Kobarid, Finds, Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 24, Ljubljana, 239–277. CHIABÀ, M. 2007, La romanizzazione tra Natisone e Isonzo: problemi e spunti per una rilessione. – In/V: M. Chiabà, P. Maggi, C. Magrini (eds./ur.), Le valli del Natisone e dell’ Isonzo tra Centroeuropa e Adriatico, Atti del convegno internazionale di studi, San Pietro al Natisone (UD) 15–16 settembre 2006, Studi e ricerche sulla Gallia Cisalpina 20, Trieste, 53–58. CHRISTIE, N. 1991, he Alps as a frontier (A. D. 168–774). – Journal of Roman Archaeology 4, 410–430. CIGLENEČKI, S. 1985, Potek alternativne ceste Siscija–Akvileja na prostoru zahodne Dolenjske in Notranjske v času 4. do 6. stoletja. Preliminarno poročilo o raziskovanjih Korinjskega hriba in rekognosciranjih zahodne Dolenjske. – Arheološki vestnik 36, 255–284 [summary in German / povzetek v nemščini]. CIGLENEČKI, S. 1990, K problemu datacije nastanka rimskodobnih višinskih utrdb v jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru. – Šašlov zbornik, Arheološki vestnik 41, 147–176 [summary in German / povzetek v nemščini]. CONTRERAS RODRIGO, F., MÜLLER, R., VALLE, F., AMY BURNS, T. 2006, he Roman Military Settlement at Sanitja (123– 45 BC): An Approximation to its Historical Context. – Mayurqa. DEGRASSI, A. 1954, Il conine nord-orientale dell’Italia romana. Ricerche storico-topograiche. – Dissertationes Bernenses I/6, Bern. DEIMEL, M. 1987, Die Bronzekleinfunde vom Magdalensberg. – Kärntner Museumsschriften 71, Archäologische Forschungen zu den Grabungen auf dem Magdalensberg 9, Klagenfurt. DESCHLER-ERB, E. 1999, Ad arma! Römisches Militär des 1. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. in Augusta Raurica. – Forschungen in Augst 28, Augst. DESCHLER-ERB, E. 2007, Bemerkungen zu den Militaria von Kalkriese. – In/V: G. A. Lehmann, R. Wiegels (eds./ur.), Römische Präsenz und Herrschaft im Germanien der augusteischen Zeit, Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Phil.-Hist. Klasse 3/279, Göttingen, 75–88. DESCHLER-ERB, E., PETER, M., DESCHLER-ERB, S. 1991, Das frühkaiserzeitliche Militärlager in der Kaiseraugster Unterstadt. – Forschungen in Augst 12, Augst. DESCHMANN, C., HOCHSTETTER, F. von 1879, Prähistorische Ansiedlungen und Begräbnissstätten in Krain. – Denkschriften der matematisch- naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 42, 1–44. DEYBER, A. 1994, 213. Deux balles de fronde. – In/V: Vercingétorix et Alésia. Saint-Germain-en-Laye Musée des Antiquités nationales, 29 mars – 18 juillet 1994, Paris, 267–268. 34 DIZDAR, M., RADMAN-LIVAJA, I. 2004, Nalaz naoružanja iz Vrtne ulice u Vinkovcima kao prilog poznavanju rane romanizacije istočne Slavonije. – Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu 21, 37–53 [summary in English / povzetek v angleščini]. DOBESCH, G. 1994, Zur Chronologie des Dakerkönigs Burebista. – In/V: Studien zu den Militärgrenzen Roms III, Vorträge des 13. Internationaler Limeskongress, Aalen 1983, Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg 20, Stuttgart, 308–315 FINGERLIN, G. 1986, Dangstetten I. Katalog der Funde (Fundstellen 1 bis 603). – Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg 22, Stuttgart. FINGERLIN, G. 1998, Dangstetten II. Katalog der Funde (Fundstellen 604–1358). – Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg 69, Stuttgart. FISCHER, T. 2012, Wafenweihungen und Tropaia im römischen Reich. – In/V: W. Sölder, A. Höck (eds./ur.), Wafen für die Götter, Krieger, Trophäen, Heiligtümer, Innsbruck, 206–214. FMRSl IV: A. Šemrov, Die Fundmünzen der römischen Zeit in Slowenien IV. – Berlin 1998. FMRSl V: A. Šemrov, Die Fundmünzen der römischen Zeit in Slowenien V. – Mainz am Rhein 2004. GABROVEC, S. 1975, Šmihel pod Nanosom. – In/V: ANSl 1975, 150–151. GASPARI, A. 2000, Ulaka. Prazgodovinska in rimska naselbina nad Starim trgom pri Ložu. – Unpublished Master’s thesis / Neobjavljena magistrska naloga, Oddelek za arheologijo, Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani. GASPARI, A. 2009, Some Iron Age and Early Roman inds from Stari grad above Unec (Notranjska, Slovenia). – In/V: G. Tiefengraber, B. Kavur, A. Gaspari (eds./ur.), Keltske študije II, Studies in Celtic Archaeology, Papers in honour of Mitja Guštin, Protohistoire Européenne 11, Montagnac, 315–329. GASPARI, A. 2010, “Apud horridas gentis ...”. Začetki rimskega mesta Colonia Iulia Emona / Beginnings of the Roman Town of Colonia Iulia Emona. – Ljubljana. GOLUBOVIĆ, S. 2008, Grobovi u obliku bunara sa nekropola Viminacijuma / Well graves in the Roman cemeteries at Viminacium. – Viminacium 2, Beograd. GUŠTIN, M. 1979, Notranjska. K začetkom železne dobe na severnem Jadranu / Zu den Anfängen der Eisenzeit an der nördlichen Adria. – Katalogi in monograije 17, Ljubljana. HARNECKER, J., FRANZIUS, G. 2008, Kalkriese 4. Katalog der römischen Funde vom Oberesch. Die Schnitte 1 bis 22. – Römisch-Germanische Forschungen 66, Mainz am Rhein. HARNECKER, J., TOLKSDORF-LIENEMANN, E. 2004, Kalkriese 2. Sondierungen in der Kalkrieser-Niewedder Senke. Archäologie und Bodenkunde. – Römisch-Germanische Forschungen 62, Mainz am Rhein. HOERNES, M. 1892, Bemerkungen über die neuen Funde von St. Michael. – Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien 22, [7]–[11]. HORVAT, J. 1993, Svinčeni izstrelki za pračo na jugovzhodnoalpskem področju. – In/V: B. Lamut (ed./ur.), Ptujski arheološki zbornik ob 100-letnici muzeja in Muzejskega društva, Ptuj, 331– 340 [summary in English / povzetek v angleščini]. buch 2005, Wien, 77–87 [summary in German / povzetek v nemščini]. HORVAT, J. 1995, Notranjska na začetku rimske dobe: Parti pri Stari Sušici, Ambroževo gradišče in Baba pri Slavini. – Arheološki vestnik 46, 177–216 [summary in English / povzetek v angleščini]. ISTENIČ, J. 2005b, Brooches of the Alesia group in Slovenia / Fibule skupine Alesia v Sloveniji. – Arheološki vestnik 56, 187–212. HORVAT, J. 1997, Roman Republican weapons from Šmihel in Slovenia. – In/V: M. Feugère (ed./ur.), L’equipement militaire et l’ armament de la république (Ive-Ier s. avant J.-C.), Journal of Roman Military Equipement Studies 8, 105–120. HORVAT, J. 1999, Sledovi rimske zasedbe. – In/V: D. Božič et al., Zakladi tisočletij, Zgodovina Slovenije od neandertalcev do Slovanov, Ljubljana, 189–192. HORVAT, J. 2002, he Hoard of Roman Republican Weapons from Grad near Šmihel / Zaklad rimskega republikanskega orožja z Gradu pri Šmihelu pod Nanosom. – Arheološki vestnik 53, 117–192. HORVAT, J. 2005, Poselitev na Pivškem in ob zgornjem toku Reke od pozne bronaste dobe do pozne antike / Settlement in the Pivka Area and Along the Upper Course of the Reka River From the Late Bronze Age to the Late Antique Period. – In/V: A. Mihevc (ed./ur.), Kras, Voda in življenje v kamniti pokrajini / Water and Life in a Rocky Landscape, Ljubljana, 220–248. HORVAT, J., BAVDEK, A. 2009, Okra. Vrata med Sredozemljem in Srednjo Evropo / Ocra. he gateway between the Mediterranean and Central Europe. – Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 17, Ljubljana. HVALEC, S., MASARYK, R., BADOVINAC, D., VOJAKOVIĆ, P., HRUSTEL, J., ŽERJAL, T., PORENTA, S., ČEŠAREK, D., FIRŠT, S., BEKLJANOV-ZIDANŠEK, I., PLESTENJAK, A., ZOROVIĆ, M. 2009, Utrip Tribune. Doživetja arheološkega vsakdana. – Ljubljana. ISTENIČ, J. 1997a, Radohova vas. Sv. Primož. – In/V: D. Svoljšak et al., Novo gradivo v Arheološkem oddelku Narodnega muzeja v Ljubljani (pridobljeno v letih od 1987 do 1993), Varstvo spomenikov 36/94–95, 251–252. ISTENIČ, J. 1997b, Unec. Stari grad (Hasberg). – In/V: D. Svoljšak et al., Novo gradivo v Arheološkem oddelku Narodnega muzeja v Ljubljani (pridobljeno v letih od 1987 do 1993), Varstvo spomenikov 36/94–95, 254. ISTENIČ, J. 1999, Poetovio, zahodna grobišča I. Grobne celote iz Deželnega muzeja Joanneuma v Gradcu / Poetovio, the western cemeteries I. Grave-Groups in the Landesmuseum Joanneum, Graz. – Katalogi in monograije 32, Ljubljana. ISTENIČ, J. 2000, A Roman late-republican gladius from the river Ljubljanica (Slovenia) / Rimski poznorepublikanski gladij iz Ljubljanice. – Arheološki vestnik 51, 171–182. ISTENIČ, J. 2003, Augustan sword-scabbards with net-like itments / Avgustejske nožnice mečev z mrežastimi okovi. – Arheološki vestnik 54, 271–279. ISTENIČ, J. 2005a, Evidence for a very late Republican siege at Grad near Reka in Western Slovenia. – “Archäologie der Schlachtfelder – Militaria aus Zerstörungshorizonten”, Carnuntum Jahr- ISTENIČ, J. 2006, Rimska doba. – In/V: T. Nabergoj (ed./ ur.), Stopinje v preteklost, Zakladi iz arheoloških zbirk Narodnega muzeja Slovenije, Ljubljana, 42–48 [= J. Istenič, he Roman Period. – In/V: T. Nabergoj (ed./ur.), Steps into the Past, Treasures from the archaeological collections of the National Museum of Slovenia, Ljubljana, 42–48]. ISTENIČ, J. 2009, Ljubljanica in rimska vojska. – In/V: P. Turk et al. (eds./ur.), Ljubljanica – kulturna dediščina reke, Ljubljana, 81–85 [= J. Istenič, he Ljubljanica and the Roman army. – In/V: P. Turk et al. (eds./ur.), Ljubljanica – a River and its Past, Ljubljana 2009, 86–91]. JAMES, S. 2004, Excavations at Dura-Europos 1928–1937. Final Report VII. he Arms and Armour and other Military Equipment. – London. JOHNSON, S. 1983, Late Roman fortiications. – London. KOROŠEC, P. 1982, Predjama konec 4. do sredine 5. stoletja. – Arheološki vestnik 33, (1983), 84–114 [summary in German / povzetek v nemščini]. KÜNZL, E. 1996, Gladiusdekorationen der frühen römischen Kaiserzeit: dynastische Legitimation, Victoria und Aurea Aetas. – Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 43, (1998), 383–474. LAHARNAR, B. 2009, he Žerovnišček Iron Age hillfort near Bločice in the Notranjska region / Železnodobno gradišče Žerovnišček pri Bločicah na Notranjskem. – Arheološki vestnik 60, 97–157. LAHARNAR, B. 2011, Roman lead slingshots (glandes plumbeae) in Slovenia / Rimski svinčeni izstrelki za pračo (glandes plumbeae) iz Slovenije. – Arheološki vestnik 62, 339–374. LAHARNAR, B. 2012, Notranjska med prazgodovino in antiko [he Notranjska region (SW Slovenia) between prehistory and antiquity]. – Unpublished Ph. D. thesis / Neobjavljena doktorska disertacija, Oddelek za arheologijo, Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani. LAHARNAR, B. 2013, he Roman stronghold at Nadleški hrib, Notranjska region / Rimska utrdba na Nadleškem hribu na Notranjskem. – Arheološki vestnik 64, 123–147. LUIK, M. 2002, Die Funde aus den römischen Lagern um Numantia im Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum. – Kataloge Vor- und Frühgeschichtlicher Altertümer 31, Mainz. MACKENSEN, M. 1987, Frühkaiserzeitliche Kleinkastelle bei Nersingen und Burlaingen an der oberen Donau. – Münchner Beiträge zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte 41, München. MARTIN-KILCHER, S. 2011, Römer und gentes Alpinae im Konlikt – archäologische und historische Zeugnisse des 1. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. – In/V: G. Moosbauer, R. Wiegels (eds./ ur.), Fines imperii-imperium sine ine? Römische Okkupations- 35 und Grenzpolitik im frühen Principat. Beiträge zum Kongress “Fines imperii-imperium sine ine?” Osnabrück vom 14. bis 18. september 2009, Osnabrücker Forschungen zu Altertum und Antike-Rezeption 14, Rahden, 27–62. MAXFIELD, V. A. 2009, Where did they put the men? An enquiry into the accommodation of soldiers in Roman Egypt. – In/V: S. W. Hanson (ed./ur.), he Army and Frontiers of Rome, Papers ofered to David J. Breeze on the occasion of his sixty-ifth birthday and his retirement from Historic Scotland, Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary series 74, Portsmouth, Rhode-Island, 63–82. MIŠKEC, A. 2009, he Augustan conquest of southeastern Alpine and western Pannonian areas: coins and hoards / Avgustejska zasedba jugovzhodnoalpskega prostora in zahodne Panonije: posamične in zakladne novčne najdbe. – Arheološki vestnik 60, 283–296. MÜLLER, M. 2002, Die römischen Buntmetallfunde von Haltern. – Bodenaltertümer Westfalens 37, Mainz. MÜLLNER, A. 1892, Die “Gradišča” in Krain. Das Gradišče von St. Michael bei Hrenovic. – Argo 1, 25–28, 41–50, 65–74, 81–88, 105–118. OLDSTEIN, J. 1976, Zur Ausrüstung römischer Auxiliareinheiten. – Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 57, 51–284. PFLAUM, V. 2001a, Jermenski zaključki. – In/V: P. Bitenc, T. Kniic (eds./ur.), Od Rimljanov do Slovanov, Predmeti, Ljubljana, 21 (kat. št./cat. no. 39). PFLAUM, V. 2001b, Pasno okovje. – In/V: P. Bitenc, T. Kniic (eds./ur.), Od Rimljanov do Slovanov, Predmeti, Ljubljana, 22 (kat. št./cat. no. 45). PFLAUM, V. 2004, Poznorimski obrambni in vojaški sledovi 5. stoletja na ozemlju sedanje Slovenije. – Unpublished Ph. D. thesis / Neobjavljena doktorska disertacija, Oddelek za arheologijo, Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani. PLESNIČAR GEC, L. 2006, Forum. Katalog gradiva. – In/V: L. Plesničar Gec, Emonski forum / Emona forum. – Koper. POUX, M. 2008, L’empreinte du militaire tardo-républicain dans les faciès mobiliers de La Tène inale. – In/V: M. Poux (ed./ ur.), Sur les traces de César, Militaria tardo-républicains en contexte gaulois, Collection Bibracte 14, Glux-en-Glenne, 299–432. PRÖTTEL, Ph. M. 1996, Mediterrane Feinkeramikimporte des 2. bis. 7. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. im oberen Adriaraum und in Slowenien. – Kölner Studien zur Archäologie der römischen Provinzen 2, Espelkamp. RADMAN-LIVAJA, I. 2004, Militaria Sisciensia. Nalazi rimske vojne opreme iz Siska u fundusu Arheološkoga muzeja u Zagrebu / Finds of the Roman military equipment in Sisak in the holdings of the Archeological Museum in Zagreb. – Katalozi i monograije Arheološkoga muzeja u Zagrebu 1/1, Zagreb. 36 RAGETH, J. 2004, Frührömische Militaria aus dem Oberhalbstein GR – Belege für den Alpenfeldzug? – Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte 87, 297–303. ROTH-RUBI, K. 2006, Dangstetten III. Das Tafelgeschirr aus dem Militärlager von Dangstetten. – Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg 103, Stuttgart. SARIA, B. 1935, Terenski rad Arheološkog seminara Univerze kralja Aleksandra I. u Ljubljani. – Jugoslovenski istoriski časopis 1–2, 744–746. SCHLEIERMACHER, M., 2000, Römisches Pferdegeschirr aus den Kastellen Saalburg, Zugmantel und Feldberg. – Saalburg Jahrbuch 50, 167–193. SCHWARZ, P.-A. 2002, Kastelen 4. Die Nordmauer und die Überreste der Innenbebauung der spätrömischen Befestigung auf Kastelen. – Forschungen in Augst 24, Augst. SLAPŠAK, B. 2003, O koncu prazgodovinskih skupnosti na Krasu / he end of prehistoric communities in the Karst region. – Arheološki vestnik 54, 243–257. SOMMER, M. 1984, Die Gürtel und Gürtelbeschläge des 4. und 5. Jahrhunderts im römischen Reich. – Bonner Hefte zur Vorgeschichte 22, Bonn. ŠAŠEL, J. 1971, Antični viri. – In/V: J. Šašel, P. Petru (eds./ur.), Claustra Alpium Iuliarum I, Fontes, Katalogi in monograije 5, Ljubljana, 17–45. ŠAŠEL, J. 1974, Okra. – Kronika, Časopis za slovensko krajevno zgodovino 22, 9–17. ŠAŠEL, J. 1975, Ulaka. – In/V: ANSl, 155. ŠAŠEL, J., PETRU, P. (eds./ur.) 1971, Claustra Alpium Iuliarum I. Fontes. – Katalogi in monograije 5, Ljubljana. ŠAŠEL KOS, M. 1997, he End of the Norican Kingdom and the Formation of the Provinces of Noricum and Panonia. – In/V: B. Djurić, I. Lazar (eds./ur.), Akten des IV. Internationalen Kolloquiums über Probleme des provinzialrömischen Kunstschafens / Akti IV. mednarodnega kolokvija o problemih rimske provincialne umetnosti, Celje, 8.–12. Mai / maj 1995, Situla 36, Ljubljana, 21–42. ŠAŠEL KOS, M. 2000, Caesar, Illyricum, and the hinterland of Aquileia. – In/V: G. Urso (ed./ur.), L’ultimo Cesare, Scritti, riforme, progetti, poteri, congiure, Atti del convegno internazionale, Cividale del Friuli, 16–18 settembre 1999, Centro ricerche e documentazione sull’antichità classica, Monograie 20, Roma, 277–304. ŠAŠEL KOS, M. 2005, Appian and Illyricum. – Situla 43, Ljubljana. TAGLIAFERRI, A. 1986, Coloni e legionari romani nel Friuli celtico. Una ricerca archeologica per la storia. 1: Testi. – Pordenone. THOMAS, M. D. 2003, Lorica segmentata 2. A Catalogue of Finds. – Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies Monograph 2, Duns. TODD, M. 2007, Roman Militray Occupation at Hembury (Devon). – Britannia 38, 107–123. ULBERT, G. 1984, Cáceres el Viejo. Ein spätrepublikanisches Legionslager in Spanisch-Extremadura. – Madrider Beiträge 11, Mainz. UNZ, Ch., DESCHLER-ERB, E. 1997, Katalog der Militaria aus Vindonissa. Militärische Funde, Pferdegeschirr und Jochteile bis 1976. – Veröfentlichungen der Gesellschaft Pro Vindonissa 14, Brugg. URLEB, M. 1957, Gradišče v Slavini. – Arheološki vestnik 8, 150– 161 [summary in Italian / povzetek v italijanščini]. URLEB, M. 1974a, Križna gora pri Ložu. – Varstvo spomenikov 17–19/1, 217–230. URLEB, M. 1974b, Križna gora pri Ložu. Halštatska nekropola / Hallstattzeitliches Gräberfeld Križna gora. – Katalogi in monograije 11. VIČIČ, B. 2002, Zgodnjerimsko naselje pod Grajskim gričem v Ljubljani. Gornji trg 3. – Arheološki vestnik 53, 193–221 [summary in German / povzetek v nemščini]. VIDRIH PERKO, V. 2000, Amfore v Sloveniji. – Annales, Series historia et sociologia 10/2 (22), 421–456. VIDRIH PERKO, V., BAVDEK, A., LAZAR, I. 1998, Poznoantično najdišče Šmarata. – Arheološki vestnik 49, 271–283 [summary in English / povzetek v angleščini]. VÖLLING, T. 1990, Funditores in römischen Heer. – Saalburg Jahrbuch 45, 24–58. WINDISCHGRÄTZ, E. 1892, Eisenwafen aus St. Michael. – Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien 22, [7] and igs. on p. / in sl. na str. [9]. ZACCARIA, C. 2003, Amministrazione e vita politica ad Aquileia dalle origini al III secolo d. C. – In/V: G. Cuscito (ed./ ur.) Aquileia dalle origini alla costituzione del ducato langobardo. Storia, amministrazione, società. – Antichità Altoadriatiche 54, 293–338. ZANIER, W. 2009, Römische Wafenfunde vom Alpenfeldzug 15 v. Chr. – In/V: H. Meller (ed./ur.), Schlachtfeldarchäologie / Battleield Archaeology 1, Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle 2, Halle, 89–97. 37 Plate 1. Grad near Šmihel pod Nanosom. 1–13 iron; 14–28 lead. Scale = 1 : 2 (drawing I. Murgelj). Tabla 1. Grad pri Šmihelu pod Nanosom. 1–13 železo; 14–28 svinec. M = 1 : 2 (risba I. Murgelj). 38 Plate 2. 1–3 Baba near Slavina; 4–13 Stari grad above Unec; 14–24 Žerovnišček near Bločice. 2–4, 8–9, 13 bronze; 5–7 brass; 16 bronze, brass and iron; 1, 10–12, 17–24 iron; 14–15 lead. Scale = 1 : 2 (drawing I. Murgelj). Tabla 2. 1–3 Baba pri Slavini; 4–13 Stari grad nad Uncem; 14–24 Žerovnišček pri Bločicah. 2–4, 8–9, 13 bron; 5–7 medenina; 16 bron, medenina in železo; 1, 10–12, 17–24 železo; 14–15 svinec. M = 1 : 2 (risba I. Murgelj). 39 Plate 3. 1–14 Ulaka above Stari trg pri Ložu; 15–18 Nadleški hrib; 19–22 Ambroževo gradišče near Slavina. 1–2, 4–14, 19–22 bronze; 3, 18 iron; 15–17 lead. Scale = 1 : 2 (drawing I. Murgelj). Tabla 3. 1–14 Ulaka nad Starim trgom pri Ložu; 15–18 Nadleški hrib; 19–22 Ambroževo gradišče pri Slavini. 1–2, 4–14, 19–22 bron; 3, 18 železo; 15–17 svinec. M = 1 : 2 (risba I. Murgelj). 40 Plate 4. 1–3 Ambroževo gradišče near Slavina; 4–12 Gradišče na Čepni; 13–16 Gradišče above Knežak; 17 Kerin above Pivka; 18–19 Gradišče nad Gornjo Košano; 20 Ahac. 7–20 bronze; 4–6 iron; 1–3 lead. Scale = 1 : 2 (drawing I. Murgelj). Tabla 4. 1–3 Ambroževo gradišče pri Slavini; 4–12 Gradišče na Čepni; 13–16 Gradišče nad Knežakom; 17 Kerin nad Pivko; 18–19 Gradišče nad Gornjo Košano; 20 Ahac. 7–20 bron; 4–6 železo; 1–3 svinec. M = 1 : 2 (risba I. Murgelj). 41

RELATED PAPERS

Guštin Mitja, Roman camps following the route to Segestica and the western Balkans. – Istenič J., Laharnar B., Horvat J. (eds.), Evidence of the Roman army in Slovenia. Narodni muzej Slovenije. Ljubljana 2015, 221-233.

Mitja Gustin

View PDF

Arheološki vestnik 69

Roman bronze helmets from the Republican period and the Early Principate in Slovenia

2018 •

Istenič Janka

View PDF
Late La Tène-Roman cemetery in Novo mesto. Ljubljanska cesta and Okrajno glavarstvo. Studies on fibulae and on the relative chronology of the Late La Tène period / Poznolatensko-rimsko grobišče v Novem mestu. Ljubljanska cesta in Okrajno glavarstvo. Študije o fibulah in o relativni kronologiji pozne latenske dobe

Dragan Božič

View PDF

Prilozi instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu 31, 2014, 181-214.

Late La Tène and Early Imperial Fibulae from the Iapodian Territory / Kasnolatenske i ranocarske fibule s japodskog prostora

Ivan Drnić, Asja Tonc

View PDF
New Archaeological Insights about Emona between the Decline of the Prehistoric Community and the Construction of the Roman Town (second half of the 1st century BC and early 1st century AD)

Alenka Miškec

View PDF
(2015) Augustan military graves from the area of Kongresni trg in Ljubljana

Andrej Gaspari, Iris Bekljanov Zidansek

View PDF
Naselbinska keramika z Mosta na Soči / Pottery from the settlement at Most na Soči. – Most na Soči 2. Razprave / Treatises, Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 34, 2018, 249–306.

Lucija Grahek

View PDF
Late Roman army, Claustra Alpium Iuliarum and the fortifications in the south-eastern Alps

Slavko Ciglenečki

View PDF
Roman tile workshop at Vransko - archaeology, ager of Celeia and Roman history. In: Evidence of the Roman army in Slovenia (J. Horvat, J. Istenič, B. Laharnar eds.), KIM 41, National Museum of Slovenia, Ljubljana, 2015.

Irena Lazar

View PDF
(2010) "Apud horridas gentis ..." Beginnings of the Roman Town of Colonia Iulia Emona

Andrej Gaspari

View PDF
Andrej PRELOŽNIK, Aleksandra NESTOROVIĆ: Germanic spur from Ptuj = Germanska ostroga s Ptuja. In: J. Istenič, B. Laharnar, J. Horvat (eds.) Evidence of the Roman army in Slovenia = Sledovi rimske vojske na Slovenskem. Katalogi in monografije = Catalogi et monographiae 41, Ljubljana 2015, 285-296.

Andrej Preložnik

View PDF
The decline of the pre-Roman settlement at Tribuna. Deliberations on the possibility of settlement discontinuity between the final phase of the La Tène settlement and the Roman military camp

Iris Bekljanov Zidansek, Petra Vojakovič

View PDF
(2014) New Archaeological Insights about Emona between the Decline of the Prehistoric Community and the Construction of the Roman Town (second half of the 1st century BC and early 1st century AD)

Andrej Gaspari, Alenka Miškec, Iris Bekljanov Zidansek

View PDF

Opera Instituti archaeologici Sloveniae 34

Most na Soči in the Iron Age (Most na Soči v železni dobi)

2018 •

Janez Dular

View PDF
Medvode. - V/In: Absolutno datiranje bronaste in železne dobe na Slovenskem / Absolute dating of the Bronze and Iron Ages in Slovenia, Katalogi in monografije 40, pp. 333-343

2014 •

Elena Leghissa

View PDF
(2017) The Late 2nd century BC Logboat from the Ljubljanica River at Vrhnika : Study on the Ships and Boats of Preroman and Roman Nauportus with the Outline of the Navigation on the Ljubljana Marshes between Prehistory and the Early Modern Period (by A. Gaspari & coll.)

Andrej Gaspari

View PDF

In: The Roman army between the Alps and the Adriatic, Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 31, Studia Alpium et Adriae I, 2016, 99-120

Jana Horvat, Beatriče Žbona Trkman, The 3rd century military equipment in south-western Slovenia,

2016 •

Jana Horvat

View PDF

Emona MM: URBANISATION OF SPACE – BEGINNING OF A TOWN

Predrimska Emona v luči novih arheoloških odkritij/Pre-Roman Emona in the Light of New Archaeological Discoveries

Petra Vojakovič

View PDF
Late Antique fortified settlement Tonovcov grad near Kobarid. Finds.

Tina Milavec

View PDF
THE ROLE OF ROMAN REPUBLICAN DENARII OF MARK ANTONY IN THE MONETARY CIRCULATION OF THE LATE REPUBLIC

Alenka Miškec

View PDF

Stories that made the Iron Age. Studies in Iron Age Archaeology dedicated to Natalie Venclová. Edited by: Jan Kysela, Alžběta Danielisová, Jiří Militký

ON LA TÈNE SILVER FINDS FROM SLOVENIA

2017 •

BOŠTJAN LAHARNAR, Žiga Šmit

View PDF

RELATED TOPICS

Roman HistoryRoman military archaeologyRoman ArmyRoman Provincial ArchaeologyRoman Small FindsRoman military equipmentRoman Archaeology